This book provides information on the techniques needed to analyze foods in laboratory experiments. All topics covered include information on the basic principles, procedures, advantages, limitations, and applications. This book is ideal for undergraduate courses in food analysis and is also an invaluable reference to professionals in the food industry. General information is provided on regulations, standards, labeling, sampling and data handling as background for chapters on specific methods to determine the chemical composition and characteristics of foods. Large, expanded sections on spectroscopy and chromatography also are included. Other methods and instrumentation such as thermal analysis, ion-selective electrodes, enzymes, and immunoassays are covered from the perspective of their use in the analysis of foods. A website with related teaching materials is accessible to instructors who adopt the textbook.

This text is aimed at people who have some familiarity withhigh-resolution NMR and who wish to deepen their understanding ofhow NMR experiments actually ‘work’. This revised andupdated edition takes the same approach as the highly-acclaimedfirst edition. The text concentrates on the description ofcommonly-used experiments and explains in detail the theory behindhow such experiments work. The quantum mechanical tools needed toanalyse pulse sequences are introduced set by step, but theapproach is relatively informal with the emphasis on obtaining agood understanding of how the experiments actually work. The use oftwo-colour printing and a new larger format improves thereadability of the text. In addition, a number of new topics havebeen introduced: How product operators can be extended to describe experimentsin AX2 and AX3 spin systems, thus making it possible to discuss theimportant APT, INEPT and DEPT experiments often used in carbon-13NMR.Spin system analysis i.e. how shifts and couplings can beextracted from strongly-coupled (second-order) spectra.How the presence of chemically equivalent spins leads tospectral features which are somewhat unusual and possiblymisleading, even at high magnetic fields.A discussion of chemical exchange effects has been introducedin order to help with the explanation of transverserelaxation.The double-quantum spectroscopy of a three-spin system is nowconsidered in more detail.

Reviews of the First Edition

“For anyone wishing to know what really goes on in theirNMR experiments, I would highly recommend this book” –Chemistry World

“…I warmly recommend for budding NMRspectroscopists, or others who wish to deepen their understandingof elementary NMR theory or theoretical tools” –Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry

The latest edition of a highly successful textbook, MassSpectrometry, Third Edition provides students with a completeoverview of the principles, theories and key applications of modernmass spectrometry. All instrumental aspects of mass spectrometryare clearly and concisely described: sources, analysers anddetectors. Tandem mass spectrometry is introduced early on and thendeveloped in more detail in a later chapter. Emphasis is placedthroughout the text on optimal utilisation conditions. Variousfragmentation patterns are described together with analyticalinformation that derives from the mass spectra.

This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated and hasbeen redesigned to give the book a more contemporary look. As withprevious editions it contains numerous examples, references and aseries of exercises of increasing difficulty to encourage studentunderstanding. Updates include: Increased coverage of MALDI andESI, more detailed description of time of flight spectrometers, newmaterial on isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and an expanded rangeof applications.

Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition is an invaluableresource for all undergraduate and postgraduate students using thistechnique in departments of chemistry, biochemistry, medicine,pharmacology, agriculture, material science and food science. It isalso of interest for researchers looking for an overview of thelatest techniques and developments.

“Telescopes and Techniques” has proved itself in its first edition, having become probably one of the most widely used astronomy texts, both for numerate amateur astronomers and for astronomy and astrophysics undergraduates. The first and second editions of the book were widely used as set texts for introductory practical astronomy courses in many universities.

This book guides the reader through the mathematics, physics and practical techniques needed to use telescopes (from small amateur models to the larger instruments installed in many colleges) and to observe objects in the sky. Mathematics to around Advanced Placement standard (US) or A level (UK) is assumed, although High School Diploma (US) or GCSE-level (UK) mathematics plus some basic trigonometry will suffice most of the time. Most of the physics and engineering involved is described fully and requires no prior knowledge or experience.

This is a ‘how to’ book that provides the knowledge and background required to understand how and why telescopes work. Equipped with the techniques discussed in this book, the observer will be able to operate with confidence his or her telescope and to optimize its performance for a particular purpose. In principle the observer could calculate his or her own predictions of planetary positions (ephemerides), but more realistically the observer will be able to understand the published data lists properly instead of just treating them as ‘recipes.’ When the observer has obtained measurements, he/she will be able to analyze them in a scientific manner and to understand the significance and meaning of the results.

“Telescopes and Techniques, 3rd Edition” fills a niche at the start of an undergraduate astronomer’s university studies, as shown by it having been widely adopted as a set textbook. This third edition is now needed to update its material with the many new observing developments and study areas that have come into prominence since it was published. The book concentrates on the knowledge needed to understand how small(ish) optical telescopes function, their main designs and how to set them up, plus introducing the reader to the many ways in which objects in the sky change their positions and how they may be observed. Both visual and electronic imaging techniques are covered, together with an introduction to how data (measurements) should be processed and analyzed. A simple introduction to radio telescopes is also included. Brief coverage of the most advanced topics of photometry and spectroscopy are included, but mainly to enable the reader to see some of the developments possible from the basic observing techniques covered in the main parts of the book.

The derivation of structural information from spectroscopic datais now an integral part of organic chemistry courses at allUniversities.  A critical part of any such course is asuitable set of problems to develop the student’sunderstanding of how structures are determined fromspectra. 

Organic Structures from Spectra, Fifth Edition is acarefully chosen set of more than 280 structural problems employingthe major modern spectroscopic techniques, a selection of 27problems using 2D-NMR spectroscopy, more than 20 problemsspecifically dealing with the interpretation of spin-spin couplingin proton NMR spectra and 8 problems based on the quantitativeanalysis of mixtures using proton and carbon NMRspectroscopy.  All of the problems are graded to develop andconsolidate the student’s understanding of organicspectroscopy.  The accompanying text is descriptive and onlyexplains the underlying theory at a level which is sufficient totackle the problems.  The text includes condensed tables ofcharacteristic spectral properties covering the frequentlyencountered functional groups.

The examples themselves have been selected to include allimportant common structural features found in organic compounds andto emphasise connectivity arguments.  Many of the compoundswere synthesised specifically for this purpose.  There aremany more easy problems, to build confidence and demonstrate basicprinciples, than in other collections. 

The fifth edition of this popular textbook:

• includes more than 250 new spectra and more than 25completely new problems;
• now incorporates an expanded suite of new problemsdealing with the analysis of 2D NMR spectra (COSY, C H Correlationspectroscopy, HMBC, NOESY and TOCSY); 
• has been expanded and updated to reflect the newdevelopments in NMR and to retire older techniques that are nolonger in common use;
• provides a set of problems dealing specifically withthe quantitative analysis of mixtures using NMR spectroscopy;
• features proton NMR spectra obtained at 200, 400 and600 MHz and 13C NMR spectra include DEPT experiments as well asproton-coupled experiments;
• contains 6 problems in the style of the experimentalsection of a research paper and two examples of fully workedsolutions.

Organic Structures from Spectra, Fifth Edition will proveinvaluable for students of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Biochemistrytaking a first course in Organic Chemistry.

Contents
Preface 
Introduction 
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 
Infrared Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry 
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
2DNMR
Problems 
Index

Reviews from earlier editions

“Your book is becoming one of the “go to”books for teaching structure determination here in theStates.  Great work!”

“…I would definitely state that this book is themost useful aid to basic organic spectroscopy teaching in existenceand I would strongly recommend every instructor in this area to useit either as a source of examples or as a classtextbook”.
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry

“Over the past year I have trained many students usingproblems in your book - they initially find it as a task.  Butafter doing 3-4 problems with all their brains activities...working out the rest of the problems become a mania.  They getaddicted to the problem solving and every time they solve a problemby themselves, their confident level also increases.”

 “I am teaching the fundamentals of MolecularSpectroscopy and your books represent excellent sources ofspectroscopic problems for students.”

Now in its third edition, this classic text covers many aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy that are critical to the chemist doing structural or compositional analysis. This work includes practical and theoretical approaches to spectral interpretation as well as a discussion of experimental techniques. Emphasis is given to group frequencies, which are studied in detailed discussions, extensive tables, and over 600 carefully chosen and interpreted spectral examples. Also featured is a unique treatment of group frequencies that stresses their mechanical origin. This qualitative approach to vibrational analysis helps to simplify spectral interpretation.
Additional topics include basic instrumental components and sampling techniques, quantitative analysis, Raman polarization data, infrared gas contours, and polarized IR studies, among others.Focuses on group frequency correlations and how to use them in spectral interpretationRevised and updated by a pioneer in the field, Norman Colthup, who for thirty years has served as an expert lecturer for the Fisk Infrared InstituteExplores new group frequency studies in aromatics, alkanes and olefins, among othersIncludes completely updated section on instrumentation

In this data book, both conventional Py-GC/MS where thermal energy alone is used to cause fragmentation of given polymeric materials and reactive Py-GC/MS in the presence of organic alkaline for condensation polymers are compiled. Before going into detailed presentation of the data, however, acquiring a firm grip on the proper understanding about the situation of Py-GC/MS would promote better utilization of the following pyrolysis data for various polymers samples.

This book incorporates recent technological advances in analytical pyrolysis methods especially useful for the characterization of 163 typical synthetic polymers. The book briefly reviews the instrumentation available in advanced analytical pyrolysis, and offers guidance to perform effectually this technique combining with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Main contents are comprehensive sample pyrograms, thermograms, identification tables, and representative mass spectra (MS) of pyrolyzates for synthetic polymers. This edition also highlights thermally-assisted hydrolysis and methylation technique effectively applied to 33 basic condensation polymers.

Coverage of Py-GC/MS data of conventional pyrograms and thermograms of basic 163 kinds of synthetic polymers together with MS and retention index data for pyrolyzates, enabling a quick identificationAdditional coverage of the pyrograms and their related data for 33 basic condensation polymers obtained by the thermally-assisted hydrolysis and methylation techniqueAll compiled data measured under the same experimental conditions for pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to facilitate peak identificationSurveyable instant information on two facing pages dedicated to the whole data of a given polymer sample

Interpretive spectroscopy provides a basis for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between NIR spectrometer response and the chemical properties of the samples. Without established cause-effect relationships, the measured data has no true predictive significance. This interpretive process is key for achieving an analytical understanding of the measurement.

In the expanded second edition of Practical Guide and Spectral Atlas for Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, the authors include new research, editorials, supplements, and molecular structural formulas, along with updated references and information on NIR spectra. The thoroughly updated and revised second edition offers a full library of color spectra in a larger format to ensure clarity and reader comprehension.

Providing a rich set of reference information required to interpret NIR spectra for research and industrial applications, this book:

Offers more than 300 figures representing all the major functional groups and their NIR frequency ranges Contains over 120 pages of tables and charts illustrating overlapping spectra Covers NIR spectra for organic compounds, including alkanes, carboxylic acids, amines, dienes, alkynes, heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, and aldehydes Provides comprehensive appendices with spectra-structure correlations, example spectra, and other useful data for interpreting NIR spectra

The second edition of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide follows the highly successful first edition by F.G. Kitson, B.S. Larsen, and C.N. McEwen (1996), which was designed as an indispensible resource for GC/MS practitioners regardless of whether they are a novice or well experienced. The Fundamentals section has been extensively reworked from the original edition to give more depth of an understanding of the techniques and science involved with GC/MS. Even with this expansion, the original brevity and simple didactic style has been retained. Information on chromatographic peak deconvolution has been added along with a more in-depth understanding of the use of mass spectral databases in the identification of unknowns. Since the last edition, a number of advances in GC inlet systems and sample introduction techniques have occurred, and they are included in the new edition. Other updates include a discussion on fast GC and options for combining GC detectors with mass spectrometry.

The section regarding GC Conditions, Derivatization, and Mass Spectral Interpretation of Specific Compound Types has the same number of compound types as the original edition, but the information in each section has been expanded to not only explain some of the spectra but to also explain why certain fragmentations take place. The number of Appendices has been increased from 12 to 17. The Appendix on Atomic Masses and Isotope Abundances has been expanded to provide tools to aid in determination of elemental composition from isotope peak intensity ratios. An appendix with examples on "Steps to follow in the determination of elemental compositions based on isotope peak intensities" has been added. Appendices on whether to use GC/MS or LC/MS, third-party software for use in data analysis, list of information required in reporting GC/MS data, X+1 and X+2 peak relative intensities based on the number of atoms of carbon in an ion, and list of available EI mass spectral databases have been added. Others such as the ones on derivatization, isotope peak patterns for ions with Cl and/or Br, terms used in GC and in mass spectrometry, and tips on setting up, maintaining and troubleshooting a GC/MS system have all been expanded and updated.

Covers the practical instruction necessary for successful operation of GC/MS equipmentReviews the latest advances in instrumentation, ionization methods, and quantitationIncludes troubleshooting techniques and a variety of additional information useful for the GC/MS practitionerA true benchtop referenceA guide to a basic understanding of the components of a Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)Quick References to data interpretationReady source for information on new analyses

Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, SecondEdition is a comprehensive and modern introduction whichfocuses on those essential principles and concepts needed for athorough understanding of the subject, rather than the practicalaspects. The quantum theory of nuclear magnets is presented withina strong physical framework, supported by figures. 

The book assumes only a basic knowledge of complex numbers andmatrices, and provides the reader with numerous worked examples andexercises to encourage understanding. With the explicit aim ofcarefully developing the subject from the beginning, the textstarts with coverage of quarks and nucleons and progresses throughto a detailed explanation of several important NMR experiments,including NMR imaging, COSY, NOESY and TROSY. 

Completely revised and updated, the Second Edition features newmaterial on the properties and distributions of isotopes, chemicalshift anisotropy and quadrupolar interactions, Pake patterns, spinechoes, slice selection in NMR imaging, and a complete new chapteron the NMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei. New appendices havebeen included on Euler angles, and coherence selection by fieldgradients. As in the first edition, all material is heavilysupported by graphics, much of which is new to thisedition. 

Written for undergraduates and postgraduate students taking afirst course in NMR spectroscopy and for those needing anup-to-date account of the subject, this multi-disciplinary bookwill appeal to chemical, physical, material, life, medical, earthand environmental scientists. The detailed physical insights willalso make the book of interest for experienced spectroscopists andNMR researchers. 

• An accessible and carefully written introduction,designed to help students to fully understand this complex anddynamic subject

• Takes a multi-disciplinary approach, focusing on basicprinciples and concepts rather than the more practical aspects

• Presents a strong pedagogical approach throughout, withemphasis placed on individual spins to aid understanding

• Includes numerous worked examples, problems, furtherreading and additional notes

Praise from the reviews of the First Edition:

"This is an excellent book... that many teachers of NMRspectroscopy will cherish... It deserves to be a‘classic’ among NMR spectroscopy texts." NMRIN BIOMEDICINE

"I strongly recommend this book to everyone…it isprobably the best modern comprehensive description of thesubject." ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, INTERNATIONAL EDITION

With contributions by numerous experts

The text Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra contains a graded set of structural problems employing 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The Instructors Guide and Solutions Manual to Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra is a set of step-by-step worked solutions to every problem in Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra. While it is absolutely clear that there are many ways to get to the correct solution of any of the problems, the instructors guide contains at least one complete pathway to every one of the questions. In addition, the instructors guide carefully rationalises every peak in every spectrum in relation to the correct structure. The Instructors Guide and Solutions Manual to Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra: Is a complete set of worked solutions to the problems contained in Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra. Provides a step-by-step description of the process to derive structures from spectra as well as annotated 2D spectra indicating the origin of every cross peak. Highlights common artefacts and re-enforces the important characteristics of the most common techniques 2D NMR techniques including COSY, NOESY, HMBC, TOCSY, CH-Correlation and multiplicity-edited C-H Correlation. This guide is an essential aid to those teachers, lecturers and instructors who use Organic Structures from 2D NMR as a text to teach students of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Biochemistry and those taking courses in Organic Chemistry.

This volume is an essential handbook for anyone interested in performing the most accurate spectrophotometric or other optical property of materials measurements. The chapter authors were chosen from the leading experts in their respective fields and provide their wisdom and experience in measurements of reflectance, transmittance, absorptance, emittance, diffuse scattering, color, and fluorescence. The book provides the reader with the theoretical underpinning to the methods, the practical issues encountered in real measurements, and numerous examples of important applications. Written by the leading international experts from industry, government, and academiaWritten as a handbook, with in depth discussion of the topicsFocus on making the most accurate and reproducible measurementsMany practical applications and examples

A richly illustrated undergraduate textbook on the physics and biology of light

Students in the physical and life sciences, and in engineering, need to know about the physics and biology of light. Recently, it has become increasingly clear that an understanding of the quantum nature of light is essential, both for the latest imaging technologies and to advance our knowledge of fundamental life processes, such as photosynthesis and human vision. From Photon to Neuron provides undergraduates with an accessible introduction to the physics of light and offers a unified view of a broad range of optical and biological phenomena. Along the way, this richly illustrated textbook builds the necessary background in neuroscience, photochemistry, and other disciplines, with applications to optogenetics, superresolution microscopy, the single-photon response of individual photoreceptor cells, and more.

With its integrated approach, From Photon to Neuron can be used as the basis for interdisciplinary courses in physics, biophysics, sensory neuroscience, biophotonics, bioengineering, or nanotechnology. The goal is always for students to gain the fluency needed to derive every result for themselves, so the book includes a wealth of exercises, including many that guide students to create computer-based solutions. Supplementary online materials include real experimental data to use with the exercises.
Assumes familiarity with first-year undergraduate physics and the corresponding math
Overlaps the goals of the MCAT, which now includes data-based and statistical reasoning
Advanced chapters and sections also make the book suitable for graduate courses
An Instructor's Guide and illustration package is available to professors

Experts must be able to analyze and distinguish all materials, or combinations of materials, in use today—whether they be metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, or composites. To understand a material’s structure, how that structure determines its properties, and how that material will subsequently work in technological applications, researchers apply basic principles of chemistry, physics, and biology to address its scientific fundamentals, as well as how it is processed and engineered for use.

Emphasizing practical applications and real-world case studies, Materials Characterization Techniques presents the principles of widely used, advanced surface and structural characterization techniques for quality assurance, contamination control, and process improvement.

This useful volume:

Explores scientific processes to characterize materials using modern technologies Provides analysis of materials’ performance under specific use conditions Focuses on the interrelationships and interdependence between processing, structure, properties, and performance Details the sophisticated instruments involved in an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the wide range of mutually interacting processes, mechanisms, and materials Covers electron, X-ray-photoelectron, and UV spectroscopy; scanning-electron, atomic-force, transmission-electron, and laser-confocal-scanning-florescent microscopy, and gel electrophoresis chromatography Presents the fundamentals of vacuum, as well as X-ray diffraction principles

Explaining appropriate uses and related technical requirements for characterization techniques, the authors omit lengthy and often intimidating derivations and formulations. Instead, they emphasize useful basic principles and applications of modern technologies used to characterize engineering materials, helping readers grasp micro- and nanoscale properties. This text will serve as a valuable guide for scientists and engineers involved in characterization and also as a powerful introduction to the field for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

Reviews and use of the first edition as the textbook for a senior-division uni versity course indicated the need for a number of corrections and clarifica tions. Although no new topics have been introduced, the new edition should be more clear and useful. A novelty in the Notes and Sources Appendix should facilitate reference from the notes back to the text. Far that purpose, the page number of the text to which each note refers is indicated in square brackets following the serial number of the note. The FMC1 color-difference formula has been substituted everywhere for the Friele-MacAdam formula, including the reference to the sources in Note 52. The FMC1 formula was actually used in the investigations reviewed in Sects. 8.3 and 8.4. The Friele-MacAdam formula given on page 151 of the first edition, which I thought was equivalent to the FMC1, was erroneous and should not be used. The formulas for the geodesic chromaticity diagram, on p. 153 of the first edition, were based on observations by 14 normal observers (last reference in Note 51). They have been replaced by the formulas based on the observations of PON, for consistency with all other formulas and discussions in the book. Figure 8.29 in the first edition was based on the PON data and on the formulas printed below it in the new edition. Therefore, Fig. 8.29 is un changed.

The diffusion or migration of atoms in matter, of whatever form, is a basic consequence of the existence of atoms. In metals, atomic diffusion has a well established position of importance as it is recognized that there are few metallurgical processes which do not embody the diffusion of one or more of the constituents. As regards semiconductors any thermal annealing treatment involves atomic diffusion. In semiconductor technology diffusion processes provide a vital and basic means of fabricating doped structures. Notwithstanding the importance of diffusion in the preparative processes of semiconductor structures and samples, the diffusion based aspects have acquired an empirical outlook verging almost on alchemy. The first attempt to present a systematic account of semiconductor diffusion processes was made by Boltaks [11 in 1961. During the decade since Boltaks' book appeared much work germane to understanding the atomic mechanisms responsible for diffusion in semiconductors has been published. The object of the present book is to give an account of, and to consolidate, present knowledge of semiconductor diffusion in terms of basic concepts of atomic migration in crystalline lattices. To this end, exhaustive compilations of empirical data have been avoided as these are available elsewhere [2, 31 : attention has been limited to considering evidence capable of yielding insight into the physical processes concerned in atomic diffusion.

NMR has made important contributions to our understanding of structure–property relationships in polymers. This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of NMR, with applications of multidimensional NMR and the new solution and solid-state methods in polymer science. NMR of Polymers is written by leading authorities for graduate students and professionals in academia and industry.Provides comprehensive overview of NMR in Polymer ScienceCovers multidimensional NMRIncludes new solution and solid state methodsAddresses chain conformation and dynamics

Written in a concise and student-friendly way, this textbook focuses on the underlying principles of organic chemistry and provides the tools for understanding the nature of organic reactions. The author utilizes an integrated approach for organic chemistry, uniting in a logical manner the main reaction types and their mechanisms, compound classes and their typical reactions, organic spectroscopy and principles of structure elucidation.

An authoritative guide to theory and applications of heat transfer in humans

Theory and Applications of Heat Transfer in Humans 2V Set offers a reference to the field of heating and cooling of tissue, and associated damage. The author—a noted expert in the field—presents, in this book, the fundamental physics and physiology related to the field, along with some of the recent applications, all in one place, in such a way as to enable and enrich both beginner and advanced readers. The book provides a basic framework that can be used to obtain ‘decent’ estimates of tissue temperatures for various applications involving tissue heating and/or cooling, and also presents ways to further develop more complex methods, if needed, to obtain more accurate results. The book is arranged in three sections: The first section, named ‘Physics’, presents fundamental mathematical frameworks that can be used as is or combined together forming more complex tools to determine tissue temperatures; the second section, named ‘Physiology’, presents ideas and data that provide the basis for the physiological assumptions needed to develop successful mathematical tools; and finally, the third section, named ‘Applications’, presents examples of how the marriage of the first two sections are used to solve problems of today and tomorrow.

This important text is the vital resource that:

Offers a reference book in the field of heating and cooling of tissue, and associated damage.Provides a comprehensive theoretical and experimental basis with biomedical applicationsShows how to develop and implement both, simple and complex mathematical models to predict tissue temperaturesIncludes simple examples and results so readers can use those results directly or adapt them for their applications

Designed for students, engineers, and other professionals, a comprehensive text to the field of heating and cooling of tissue that includes proven theories with applications. The author reveals how to develop simple and complex mathematical models, to predict tissue heating and/or cooling, and associated damage.

This book highlights what is now achievable in terms of materials characterization with the new generation of cold-field emission scanning electron microscopes applied to real materials at high spatial resolution. It discusses advanced scanning electron microscopes/scanning- transmission electron microscopes (SEM/STEM), simulation and post-processing techniques at high spatial resolution in the fields of nanomaterials, metallurgy, geology, and more. These microscopes now offer improved performance at very low landing voltage and high -beam probe current stability, combined with a routine transmission mode capability that can compete with the (scanning-) transmission electron microscopes (STEM/-TEM) historically run at higher beam accelerating voltage

This book highlights the basics of crystal optics methods and refractive index (RI) measurement techniques in various solids, as well as their scientific and technological applications. In addition to new techniques for cases when traditional techniques are impractical, such as for highly refracting powders, anomalous dispersion of light in the studied solid, or for colloids, it also describes conventional methods of RI measurement.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and widely used techniques in chemical research for investigating structures and dynamics of molecules. Advanced methods can even be utilized for structure determinations of biopolymers, for example proteins or nucleic acids. NMR is also used in medicine for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The method is based on spectral lines of different atomic nuclei that are excited when a strong magnetic field and a radiofrequency transmitter are applied. The method is very sensitive to the features of molecular structure because also the neighboring atoms influence the signals from individual nuclei and this is
important for determining the 3D-structure of molecules.

This new edition of the popular classic has a clear style and a highly practical, mostly non-mathematical approach. Many examples are taken from organic and organometallic chemistry, making this book an invaluable guide to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry, biochemistry, spectroscopy or physical chemistry, and to researchers using this well-established and extremely important technique. Problems and solutions are included.

This book presents a complete overview of the powerful but often misused technique of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The book presents a systematic and complete overview of EIS. The book carefully describes EIS and its application in studies of electrocatalytic reactions and other electrochemical processes of practical interest. This book is directed towards graduate students and researchers in Electrochemistry. Concepts are illustrated through detailed graphics and numerous examples. The book also includes practice problems. Additional materials and solutions are available online.

The concept of adiabatic electronic potential-energy surfaces, defined by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, is fundamental to our thinking about chemical processes. Recent computational as well as experimental studies have produced ample evidence that the so-called conical intersections of electronic energy surfaces, predicted by von Neumann and Wigner in 1929, are the rule rather than the exception in polyatomic molecules. It is nowadays increasingly recognized that conical intersections play a key mechanistic role in chemical reaction dynamics. This volume provides an up-to-date overview of the multi-faceted research on the role of conical intersections in photochemistry and photobiology, including basic theoretical concepts, novel computational strategies as well as innovative experiments. The contents and discussions will be of value to advanced students and researchers in photochemistry, molecular spectroscopy and related areas.

The book is devoted to three types of laser-based spectroscopy of minerals, namely Laser-Induced Time-Resolved Luminescence, Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy and Gated Raman Spectroscopy. This new edition presents the main new data, which have been received after the publication of the first edition ten years ago both by the authors and by other researchers. During this time, only the authors published more than 50 original papers devoted to laser-based spectroscopy of minerals. A lot of new data have been accumulated, both in fundamental and applied aspects, which are presented in new edition.

The concept of this book - an integrated and comprehensive cov erage of all aspects of Raman spectroscopy by a group of specialist- took form nearly three years ago. It made a giant stride toward realiza tion when Dr. L. Woodward, whose outstanding work in this field had long been known to me, agreed to write an introductory chapter and made valuable suggestions concerning others who might be invited to contribute articles. However, many obstacles had to be overcome before this book finally became a reality. It is extremely difficult to prepare a multi author review of the state of knowledge in a rapidly growing field in such a way that all aspects are brought up to the same date. In our case, some workers who had originally agreed to contribute articles were forced to withdraw under the pressure of new commitments, and replacements had to be found. Others were unable to complete their contributions by the deadline date, so that the publication of the book had to be rescheduled. All this tended to work to the detriment of those authors who prepared their chapters as originally scheduled. An effort was made to give the authors most affected by this an opportunity to revise their papers, but of course an arbitrary cutoff date had to be set to avoid an endless spiral of revision and updating.

Covers all major modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sulfonation and and glycationDiscussion of the chemistry behind each modification, along with key methods and referencesContributions from some of the leading researchers in the fieldA valuable reference source for all laboratories undertaking proteomics, mass spectrometry and post-translational modification research

Chemometrics in Spectroscopy builds upon the statistical information covered in other books written by these leading authors in the field by providing a broader range of mathematics and progressing into the fundamentals of multivariate and experimental data analysis. Subjects covered in this work include: matrix algebra, analytic geometry, experimental design, calibration regression, linearity, design of collaborative laboratory studies, comparing analytical methods, noise analysis, use of derivatives, analytical accuracy, analysis of variance, and much more are all part of this chemometrics compendium. Developed in the form of a tutorial offering a basic hands-on approach to chemometric and statistical analysis for analytical scientists, experimentalists, and spectroscopists. Without using complicated mathematics, Chemometrics in Spectroscopy demonstrates the basic principles underlying the use of common experimental, chemometric, and statistical tools. Emphasis has been given to problem-solving applications and the proper use and interpretation of data used for scientific research.Offers basic hands-on approach to chemometric and statistical analysis for analytical scientists, experimentalists, and spectroscopistsUseful for analysts in their daily problem solving, as well as detailed insights into subjects often considered difficult to thoroughly grasp by non-specialistsProvides mathematical proofs and derivations for the student or rigorously-minded specialist

Optical Interactions in Solids presents an extensive and unified treatment of the basic principles of the optical properties of solids. It provides a theoretical background to workers in the field of laser physics and absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of solid state materials. The book is a comprehensive coverage of the subject and is systematically and didactically organized. The level of presentation is such that it will benefit and interest both advanced students and research workers. Group theory — which is useful throughout — is introduced early in the book advocating the scientific community to overcome the reluctance to employ this powerful method. Consistent emphasis is given throughout the book to the relevance of symmetry and to detailed calculations. Different subjects as various as quantum theory of radiation field, thermal vibrations of molecules and crystals and covalent bonding are brought together in a unified treatment which requires knowledge of all these topics and this points to the interpretation of the spectral properties of solids. The content of this work could be used as a two term graduate course in solid state spectroscopy.

Kurti and Czako have produced an indispensable tool for specialists and non-specialists in organic chemistry. This innovative reference work includes 250 organic reactions and their strategic use in the synthesis of complex natural and unnatural products. Reactions are thoroughly discussed in a convenient, two-page layout--using full color. Its comprehensive coverage, superb organization, quality of presentation, and wealth of references, make this a necessity for every organic chemist.

* The first reference work on named reactions to present colored schemes for easier understanding
* 250 frequently used named reactions are presented in a convenient two-page layout with numerous examples
* An opening list of abbreviations includes both structures and chemical names
* Contains more than 10,000 references grouped by seminal papers, reviews, modifications, and theoretical works
* Appendices list reactions in order of discovery, group by contemporary usage, and provide additional study tools
* Extensive index quickly locates information using words found in text and drawings

The third edition of this established classic text reference builds upon the strengths of its very popular predecessors. Organized as a broadly useful textbook Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd edition maintains its emphasis on basics, while updating the examples to include recent results from the scientific literature. The third edition includes new chapters on single molecule detection, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, novel probes and radiative decay engineering. Includes a link to Springer Extras to download files reproducing all book artwork, for easy use in lecture slides. This is an essential volume for students, researchers, and industry professionals in biophysics, biochemistry, biotechnology, bioengineering, biology and medicine.

Protein NMR Spectroscopy, Second Edition combines a comprehensive theoretical treatment of NMR spectroscopy with an extensive exposition of the experimental techniques applicable to proteins and other biological macromolecules in solution.

Beginning with simple theoretical models and experimental techniques, the book develops the complete repertoire of theoretical principles and experimental techniques necessary for understanding and implementing the most sophisticated NMR experiments.

Important new techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy have emerged since the first edition of this extremely successful book was published in 1996. This updated version includes new sections describing measurement and use of residual dipolar coupling constants for structure determination, TROSY and deuterium labeling for application to large macromolecules, and experimental techniques for characterizing conformational dynamics. In addition, the treatments of instrumentation and signal acquisition, field gradients, multidimensional spectroscopy, and structure calculation are updated and enhanced.

The book is written as a graduate-level textbook and will be of interest to biochemists, chemists, biophysicists, and structural biologists who utilize NMR spectroscopy or wish to understand the latest developments in this field.

Provides an understanding of the theoretical principles important for biological NMR spectroscopyDemonstrates how to implement, optimize and troubleshoot modern multi-dimensional NMR experimentsAllows for the capability of designing effective experimental protocols for investigations of protein structures and dynamicsIncludes a comprehensive set of example NMR spectra of ubiquitin provides a reference for validation of experimental methods

Reflecting the myriad changes and advancements in the technologies involved in FTIR, particularly the development of diamond ATRs, this second edition of Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy has been extensively rewritten and expanded to include new topics and figures as well as updates of existing chapters.

Designed for those new to FTIR, but with enough reference material to appeal to journeyman and expert spectroscopists, this book does not demand any extensive familiarity with chemistry or physics. Specializing in concise and comprehensible explanations of FTIR topics, the author introduces the field of infrared spectroscopy, including the strengths and weaknesses of FTIR as a chemical analysis technique. He then describes the instrument itself and explores topics such as how an interferometer generates a spectrum, optimization of spectral quality, and which tests are used to monitor instrument health.

The book discusses how to properly use spectral processing to increase the information of a spectrum without damaging the data and takes considerable care in instructing on sample preparation, as good sample preparation constitutes half the battle in extracting good data. The final chapters examine single analyte quantitative analysis and conclude with an overview of infrared microscopy.

Drawing on the experience and knowledge of the author as both a professor and practitioner, Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy offers up-to-date information given in clear, easily understood language to appeal to beginner and expert spectroscopists alike. The author maintains a website and blog with supplemental material. His training course schedule is also available online.

Grating Spectroscopes and How to Use Them is written for amateur astronomers who are just getting into this field of astronomy. Transmission grating spectroscopes look like simple filters and are designed to screw into place on the eyepiece of a telescope for visual use, or into the camera adapter for digicam or CCD imaging. Using the most popular commercially made filter gratings – Rainbow Optics (US) and Star Analyzer (UK) – as examples, this book provides the reader with information on how to set up and use the grating one needs to obtain stellar spectrograms. It also discusses several methods on analyzing the results. This book is written in an easy to read style, perfect for getting started on the first night using the spectroscope, and specifically showing how the simple transmission filter is used on the camera or telescope. No heavy mathematics or formulas are involved, and there are many practical hints and tips – something that is almost essential to success when starting out. This book helps readers to achieve quick results, and by following the worked examples, they can successfully carry out basic analysis of the spectra.

Flow Analysis (FA) offers a very convenient and fast approach to enhance and automate 'preliminary steps' of analysis (sample dissolution, pretreatments, preconcentrations, etc.) for atomic spectrometric detectors (ASD). Moreover, flow manifolds can ease the well-known problem of sample introduction/presentation to atomisers or even expand the classical scope of atomic/elemental information, characterizing atomic spectrometry, into the realm of molecules and metal-compounds analysis (e.g. by resorting to coupled separation techniques). All these facts could explain both the extraordinary interest for research and the great importance for practical problem-solving achieved nowadays by FA-ASD.

On the threshold of the new millennium when plasma emission and mass spectrometry are so important and popular, the editor considered it timely to produce a book which covers all present atomic detectors and techniques where FA has been or can be advantageously employed. The book has been conceived in three separate parts: Part I gives the fundamental, instrumentation and potential of FIA as a most versatile sample presentation/introduction system for atomic spectrometry. Part II provides a modern account of fundamentals, possibilities and applications offered by flow analysis to atomic spectrometry for on-line sample pretreatments, separations and preconcentrations. Part III deals with applications of FA-ASD combinations to analytical problem-solving in most varied fields and situations.

This monograph integrates the most popular aspects of FIA, its new developments for sample on-line treatments and on-line non-chromatographic and chromatographic separations (all typical 'flow analysis') in connection with all branches of analytical atomic spectrometry. Thus, academics, researchers and routine users of analytical atomic spectrometry will find this book invaluable.

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, one of the most powerful andflexible techniques available for the analysis and characterizationof materials today, has gone through major changes during the pastdecade.
Fully revised and expanded by 30%, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,Second Edition incorporates the latest industrial and scientifictrends in all areas. It updates all previous material and adds newchapters on such topics as the history of X-ray fluorescencespectroscopy, the design of X-ray spectrometers, state-of-the-artapplications, and X-ray spectra.
Ron Jenkins draws on his extensive experience in training andconsulting industry professionals for this clear and concisetreatment, covering first the basic aspects of X rays, then themethodology of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and availableinstrumentation. He offers a comparison between wavelength andenergy dispersive spectrometers as well as step-by-step guidelinesto X-ray spectrometric techniques for qualitative and quantitativeanalysis-from specimen preparation to real-world industrialapplication.
Favored by the American Chemical Society and the InternationalCentre for Diffraction Data, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,Second Edition is an ideal introduction for newcomers to the fieldand an invaluable reference for experienced spectroscopists-inchemical analysis, geology, metallurgy, and materialsscience.
An up-to-date review of X-ray spectroscopic techniques. This provenguidebook for industry professionals is thoroughly updated andexpanded to reflect advances in X-ray analysis over the lastdecade. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Second Editionincludes:
* The history of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry-new to thisedition.
* A critical review of the most useful X-ray spectrometers.
* Techniques and procedures for quantitative and qualitativeanalysis.
* Modern applications and industrial trends.
* X-ray spectra-new to this edition.

If you investigate biological systems and might use mass spectrometry in your research but need to know more about it, this book is for you. It introduces the fundamental concepts of mass spectrometry and how mass spectrometers work. It also presents recent advancements particularly interesting to bio-researchers in an easy-to-understand manner that does not require extensive background in chemistry, math, or physics.Glossary of basic termsAbundant illustrationsExamples of applicationsPractical tips on using mass spectrometric techniquesUseful for peptide, protein, oligonucleotide, and carbohydrate analysisSimplified description of mass spectrometry including: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)Electrospray Ionization (ESI)Fast Atom/Ion Bombardment (FAB)

IR spectroscopy has become without any doubt a key technique to answer questions raised when studying the interaction of proteins or peptides with solid surfaces for a fundamental point of view as well as for technological applications.

Principle, experimental set ups, parameters and interpretation rules of several advanced IR-based techniques; application to biointerface characterisation through the presentation of recent examples, will be given in this book. It will describe how to characterise amino acids, protein or bacterial strain interactions with metal and oxide surfaces, by using infrared spectroscopy, in vacuum, in the air or in an aqueous medium. Results will highlight the performances and perspectives of the technique.

Description of the principles, expermental setups and parameter interpretation, and the theory for several advanced IR-based techniques for interface characterisationContains examples which demonstrate the capacity, potential and limits of the IR techniquesHelps finding the most adequate mode of analysisContains examplesContains a glossary by techniques and by keywords

This encyclopaedic catalogue of the pitfalls and problems that all analysts encounter in their work is destined to spend more time on the analyst's workbench than on a library shelf. The author has dedicated the book to ``the innumerable scientists who made mistakes, used impure chemicals and solvents, suffered the consequences of unanticipated side-reactions, and were otherwise exposed to mayhem yet were not too embarrassed to publish their findings''. Traditionally, the mass spectroscopist or gas chromatographer learnt his trade by participating in a 4-6 year apprenticeship as graduate student and post-doctoral researcher. Generally, no formal training was provided on the things that go wrong, but this information was accumulated by sharing in the experiences of colleagues. Nowadays, many novice scientists simply purchase a computerized instrument, plug it in, and use it. Much time can be wasted in studying and resolving problems due to artifacts and there is also a strong possibility that artifacts will not be recognized as such. For example, most analysts realize that they should use glass rather than plastic containers; but few of them would anticipate the possibility of plasticizer residues on glassware washed using detergent from a plastic bottle.

This book is an easy-to-use compendium of problems encountered when using various commonly used analytical techniques. Emphasis is on impurities, by-products, contaminants and other artifacts. A separate entry is provided for each artifact. For specific chemicals, this entry provides the common name, mass spectrum, gas chromatographic data, CAS name and registry number, synonyms and a narrative discussion. More than 1100 entries are included. Mass spectral data are indexed in a 6-peak index (molecular ion, base peak, second peak, third peak) and there are also formula, author and subject indexes. An extensive bibliography contains complete literature citations.

The book is designed to be used. It will not only allow experienced analysts to profit from the mistakes of others, but it will also be invaluable to other scientists who use analytical instruments in their work.

This book reflects the dramatic increase in the number of Ramanspectrometers being sold to and used by non-expert practitioners.It contains coverage of Resonance Raman and SERS, two hot areas ofRaman, in a form suitable for the non-expert. Builds Raman theory up in stages without overloading the readerwith complex theoryIncludes two chapters on instrumentation and interpretationthat shows how Raman spectra can be obtained and interpretedExplains the potential of using Raman spectroscopy in a widevariety of applicationsIncludes detailed, but concise information and workedexamples

NMR Spectroscopy Explained : Simplified Theory, Applications andExamples for Organic Chemistry and Structural Biology providesa fresh, practical guide to NMR for both students andpractitioners, in a clearly written and non-mathematical format. Itgives the reader an intermediate level theoretical basis forunderstanding laboratory applications, developing conceptsgradually within the context of examples and useful experiments. Introduces students to modern NMR as applied to analysis oforganic compounds.Presents material in a clear, conversational style that isappealing to students.Contains comprehensive coverage of how NMR experiments actuallywork.Combines basic ideas with practical implementation of thespectrometer.Provides an intermediate level theoretical basis forunderstanding laboratory experiments.Develops concepts gradually within the context of examples anduseful experiments.Introduces the product operator formalism after introducing thesimpler (but limited) vector model.

This book describes the use of NMR spectroscopy for dealing withproblems of small organic molecule structural elucidation. Itfeatures a significant amount of vital chemical shift and couplinginformation but more importantly, it presents sound principles forthe selection of the techniques relevant to the solving ofparticular types of problem, whilst stressing the importance ofextracting the maximum available information from the simple 1-Dproton experiment and of using this to plan subsequent experiments.Proton NMR is covered in detail, with a description of thefundamentals of the technique, the instrumentation and the datathat it provides before going on to discuss optimal solventselection and sample preparation. This is followed by a detailedstudy of each of the important classes of protons, breaking thespectrum up into regions (exchangeables, aromatics, heterocyclics,alkenes etc.). This is followed by consideration of the phenomenathat we know can leave chemists struggling; chiral centres,restricted rotation, anisotropy, accidental equivalence,non-first-order spectra etc.  Having explained the potentialpitfalls that await the unwary, the book then goes on to devotechapters to the chemical techniques and the most usefulinstrumental ones that can be employed to combat them.

A discussion is then presented on carbon-13 NMR, detailing itspros and cons and showing how it can be used in conjunction withproton NMR via the pivotal 2-D techniques (HSQC and HMBC) to yieldvital structural information. Some of the more specialisttechniques available are then discussed, i.e. flow NMR, solventsuppression, Magic Angle Spinning, etc. Other important nuclei arethen discussed and useful data supplied. This is followed by adiscussion of the neglected use of NMR as a tool for quantificationand new techniques for this explained. The book then considers thesafety aspects of NMR spectroscopy, reviewing NMR software forspectral prediction and data handling and concludes with a set ofworked Q&As.

Mass Spectrometry for the Clinical Laboratory is an accessible guide to mass spectrometry and the development, validation, and implementation of the most common assays seen in clinical labs. It provides readers with practical examples for assay development, and experimental design for validation to meet CLIA requirements, appropriate interference testing, measuring, validation of ion suppression/matrix effects, and quality control. These tools offer guidance on what type of instrumentation is optimal for each assay, what options are available, and the pros and cons of each. Readers will find a full set of tools that are either directly related to the assay they want to adopt or for an analogous assay they could use as an example.

Written by expert users of the most common assays found in a clinical laboratory (clinical chemists, toxicologists, and clinical pathologists practicing mass spectrometry), the book lays out how experts in the field have chosen their mass spectrometers, purchased, installed, validated, and brought them on line for routine testing.

The early chapters of the book covers what the practitioners have learned from years of experience, the challenges they have faced, and their recommendations on how to build and validate assays to avoid problems. These chapters also include recommendations for maintaining continuity of quality in testing. The later parts of the book focuses on specific types of assays (therapeutic drugs, Vitamin D, hormones, etc.). Each chapter in this section has been written by an expert practitioner of an assay that is currently running in his or her clinical lab.

Provides readers with the keys to choosing, installing, and validating a mass spectrometry platformOffers tools to evaluate, validate, and troubleshoot the most common assays seen in clinical pathology labsExplains validation, ion suppression, interference testing, and quality control design to the detail that is required for implementation in the lab

The Second Edition of Practical Gamma-Ray Spectrometry has been completely revised and updated, providing comprehensive coverage of the whole gamma-ray detection and spectrum analysis processes. Drawn on many years of teaching experience to produce this uniquely practical volume, issues discussed include the origin of gamma-rays and the issue of quality assurance in gamma-ray spectrometry. This new edition also covers the analysis of decommissioned nuclear plants, computer modelling systems for calibration, uncertainty measurements in QA, and many more topics.

Mass spectrometry is fast becoming an indispensable field for medical professionals. The mass spectrometric analysis of metabolites and proteins promises to revolutionize medical research and clinical diagnostics. As this technology rapidly enters the medical field, practicing professionals and students need to prepare to take full advantage of its capabilities.
Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry addresses the key issues in the medical applications of mass spectrometry at the level appropriate for the intended readership. It will go a long way to help the utilization of mass spectrometry in medicine.

The book comprises five parts. A general overview is followed by a description of the basic sampling and separation methods in analytical chemistry. In the second part a solid foundation in mass spectrometry and modern techniques of data analysis is presented. The third part explains how mass spectrometry is used in exploring various classes of biomolecules, including proteins and lipids. In the fourth section mass spectrometry is introduced as a diagnostic tool in clinical treatment, infectious pathogen research, neonatal diagnostics, cancer, brain and allergy research, as well as in various fields of medicine: cardiology, pulmonology, neurology, psychiatric diseases, hemato-oncology, urologic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, gynecology and pediatrics. The fifth part covers emerging applications in biomarker discovery and in mass spectrometric imaging.

* Provides a broad look at how the medical field is benefiting from advances in mass spectrometry.
* Guides the reader from basic principles and methods to cutting edge applications.
* There is NO comparable book on the market to fill this fast growing field.

This book introduces readers interested in the field of X-rayPhotoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to the practical concepts in thisfield. The book first introduces the reader to the language andconcepts used in this field and then demonstrates how theseconcepts are applied. Including how the spectra are produced,factors that can influence the spectra (all initial and final stateeffects are discussed), how to derive speciation, volume analysedand how one controls this (includes depth profiling), andquantification along with background substraction and curve fittingmethodologies.

 

This is presented in a concise yet comprehensive manner and eachsection is prepared such that they can be read independently ofeach other, and all equations are presented using the most commonlyused units. Greater emphasis has been placed on spectralunderstanding/interpretation. For completeness sake, a descriptionof commonly used instrumentation is also presented. Finally, somecomplementary surface analytical techniques and associated conceptsare reviewed for comparative purposes in stand-alone appendixsections.

The use of lasers which emit infra-red radiation and sophisticated detectors of IR radiation is increasing dramatically: they are being used for long-distance fibre-optic communications and remote environmental monitoring and sensing. Thus they are of interest to the telecommunications industry and the military in particular. This book has been designed to bring together what is known on these devices, using an international group of contributors.

Photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy is an emerging approach to characterize the electronic structure of catalysts and enzymes, and it is either installed or planned for intense synchrotron beam lines and X-ray free electron lasers. This type of spectroscopy requires high-energy resolution spectroscopy not only for the incoming X-ray beam but also, in most applications, for the detection of the outgoing photons. Thus, the use of high-resolution X-ray crystal spectrometers whose resolving power ΔE/E is typically about 10–4, is mandatory.

High-Resolution XAS/XES: Analyzing Electronic Structures of Catalysts

covers the latest developments in X-ray light sources, detectors, crystal spectrometers, and photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy techniques. It also addresses photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy applications for the study of catalytic systems, highlighting hard X-ray measurements primarily due to probe high penetration, enabling in situ studies.

This first-of-its-kind book:

Discusses high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in terms of time-resolved and surface enhancement Supplies an understanding of catalytic reactivity essential for capitalizing on core level X-ray spectroscopy at fourth-generation light sources (XFELs) Describes all spectrometers developed to perform core level X-ray spectroscopy, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each Details methods to elucidate aspects of catalysts under working conditions, such as active sites and molecule adsorption Introduces theoretical calculations of spectra and explores biological as well as heterogeneous catalysts

Complete with guidelines and warnings for the use of this type of spectroscopy, High-Resolution XAS/XES: Analyzing Electronic Structures of Catalysts provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of this exciting field.

Designed to serve as a textbook for postgraduate students of physics and chemistry, this second edition improves the clarity of treatment, extends the range of topics, and includes more worked examples with a view to providing all the material needed for a course in molecular spectroscopy—from first principles to the very useful spectral data that comprise figures, charts and tables. To improve the conceptual appreciation and to help students develop more positive and realistic impressions of spectroscopy, there are two new chapters—one on the spectra of atoms and the other on laser spectroscopy. The chapter on the spectra of atoms is a detailed account of the basic principles involved in molecular spectroscopy. The chapter on laser spectroscopy covers some new experimental techniques for the investigation of the structure of atoms and molecules. Additional sections on interstellar molecules, inversion vibration of ammonia molecule, fibre-coupled Raman spectrometer, Raman microscope, supersonic beams and jet-cooling have also been included. Besides worked-out examples, an abundance of review questions, and end-of-chapter problems with answers are included to aid students in testing their knowledge of the material contained in each chapter. Solutions manual containing the complete worked-out solutions to chapter-end problems is available for instructors.

Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of substances through the spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them. The derivation of structural information from spectroscopic data is now an integral part of many courses in chemistry and related subjects at most universities.

This workbook:

Features exercises to help develop the student's understanding of how structures are determined from spectra and to promote the student's own interpretation of different spectra. Covers a large range of spectroscopic data, including mass spectrometry, infrared and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, typically used in the routine analysis of small-sized organic molecules. Presents in full-color, in a workbook-friendly format the spectra for interpretation with explanations and analyses on the facing page.
Related to the workbook the authors have an online resource of the problems featured in the workbook, available at: htttp://spectros.unice.fr/ By using the print edition alongside the online spectra, students will be able to enhance their understanding of the interpretation of multiple spectra.

Practical NMR Spectroscopy Laboratory Guide is designed to provide non-expert NMR users, typically graduate students in chemistry, an introduction to various facets of practical solution-state NMR spectroscopy. Each chapter offers a series of hands-on exercises, introducing various NMR concepts and experiments and guiding the reader in running these experiments using an NMR spectrometer. The book is written for use with a Bruker NMR spectrometer running TopSpin software versions 1 or 2. This practical resource functions both as a text for instructors of a practical NMR course and also as a reference for spectrometer administrators or NMR facility directors when doing user training. This guide serves as serve as excellent, practical resource on its own or as a companion book to Timothy Claridge’s High-Resolution NMR Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition (Elsevier, 2009).Written by experts in solution-state NMR spectroscopyProvides step-by-step instructions for more than 50 activities using a Bruker NMR spectrometerIncludes detailed appendices and sample questions for lab reports

This necessary desk reference for every practicing spectroscopist represents the first definitive book written specifically to integrate knowledge about group frequencies in infrared as well as Raman spectra. In the spirit of previous classics developed by Bellamy and others, this volume has expanded its scope and updated its coverage. In addition to detailing characteristic group frequencies of compounds from a comprehensive assortment of categories, the book includes a collection of spectra and a literature search conducted to verify existing correlations and to determine ways to enhance correlations between vibrational frequencies and molecular structure. Particular attention has been given to the correlation between Raman characteristic frequencies and molecular structure.Constitutes a necessary reference for every practicing vibrational spectroscopistProvides the new definitive text on characteristic frequencies of organic moleculesIncorporates group frequencies for both infrared and Raman spectraDetails the characteristic IR and Raman frequencies of compounds in more than twenty major categoriesIncludes an extensive collection of spectraCompiled by internationally recognized experts

The concept of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is often difficult to grasp, even for Magnetic Resonance physicists. Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging uses extensive illustrations (not equations) to help readers to understand how DTI works. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of DTI images, the design of DTI experiments, and the forms of application studies. The theory of DTI is constantly evolving and so there is a need for a textbook that explains how the technique works in a way that is easy to understand - Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging fills this gap.

* Uses extensive illustrations to explain the concept of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
* Easy to understand, even without a background in physics
* Includes sections on image interpretation, experimental design and applications

TEXT BOOK MOLECULAR SPECTRA and MOLECULAR STRUCTURE I. SPECTRA OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES by GERHARD HERZBERG. Originally published in 1939. PREFACE: Eleven years ago I published a volume entitled Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure I. Diatomic Molecules which was followed in 1945 by a second volume Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. The first volume has been out of print for a number of years but the demand for it seemed to justify a new edition. Although the book has been completely revised and brought up to date, its general plan has remained substantially unchanged. Concerning this plan it seems therefore appropriate to quote from the preface of the first edition I have endeavored to give a presentation which is readable by the beginner in the field and also will be useful to those who do or want to do research work in this field. In order to assist the former, I have frequently made use of small type for those sections that are not necessary for an understanding of the fundamentals. For the benefit of those working in the field, numerous references to original papers have been included. A satisfactory presentation of molecular spectra and molecular structure is nowadays not possible without treating thoroughly, apart from the empirical results, the theoretical background also. Therefore I have included as much of the theory of molecular spectra as is possible without going into the more difficult mathematical details. A large number of diagrams, graphical repre sentations of eigenfunctions and potential curves, as well as energy level dia grams, serve to illustrate and to explain the theory. On the other hand, I have added numerous carefully selected spectrograms of bands and band systems some of which have been taken specially for this purpose in order to give an accurate idea of tho experimental material that forms the basis of the developments. While of course most of the material presented is not new, it seems that the actual procedure followed in analyzing a band spectrum has not previously been given as specifically in a book of this kind. The same holds for the ap plications of band spectra to other parts of physics, to chemistry, and to astro physics given in the last chapter. I hope that both these features will be found useful. In the eleven years since the publication of the first edition the subject Spectra of Diatomic Molecules has developed vigorously even though not as rapidly as in the preceding two decades. Most of the progress made has been consolidation and slow evolution rather than revolution. Exceptions to this statement are the amazing advances made by applying the new tools of molecular beams and microwaves to diatomic molecular problems. Naturally I have incorporated these advances of recent years in the present new edition...

This expanded edition introduces new design methods and is packed with examples, design charts, tables, and performance diagrams to add to the practical understanding of how selected equipment can be expected to perform in the process situation. A major addition is the comprehensive chapter on process safety design considerations, ranging from new devices and components to updated venting requirements for low-pressure storage tanks to the latest NFPA methods for sizing rupture disks and bursting panels, and more.



*Completely revised and updated throughout

*The definative guide for process engineers and designers

*Covers a complete range of basic day-to-day operation topics

The aim of this book is to outline the physics of image formation, electron specimen interactions, imaging modes, the interpretation of micrographs and the use of quantitative modes "in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). lt forms a counterpart to Transmission Electron Microscopy (Vol. 36 of this Springer Series in Optical Sciences) . The book evolved from lectures delivered at the University of Münster and from a German text entitled Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie (Springer-Verlag), published in collaboration with my colleague Gerhard Pfefferkorn. In the introductory chapter, the principles of the SEM and of electron specimen interactions are described, the most important imaging modes and their associated contrast are summarized, and general aspects of eiemental analysis by x-ray and Auger electron emission are discussed. The electron gun and electron optics are discussed in Chap. 2 in order to show how an electron probe of small diameter can be formed, how the elec tron beam can be blanked at high frequencies for time-resolving exper iments and what problems have tobe taken into account when focusing.

This second edition laboratory manual was written to accompany Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, ISBN 978-1-4419-1477-4, by the same author. The 21 laboratory exercises in the manual cover 20 of the 32 chapters in the textbook. Many of the laboratory exercises have multiple sections to cover several methods of analysis for a particular food component of characteristic. Most of the laboratory exercises include the following: introduction, reading assignment, objective, principle of method, chemicals, reagents, precautions and waste disposal, supplies, equipment, procedure, data and calculations, questions, and references. This laboratory manual is ideal for the laboratory portion of undergraduate courses in food analysis.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful and theoretically complex analytical tool. Basic 1H- and 13C-NMR Spectroscopy provides an introduction to the principles and applications of NMR spectroscopy. Whilst looking at the problems students encounter when using NMR spectroscopy, the author avoids the complicated mathematics that are applied within the field. Providing a rational description of the NMR phenomenon, this book is easy to read and is suitable for the undergraduate and graduate student in chemistry.Describes the fundamental principles of the pulse NMR experiment and 2D NMR spectraEasy to read and written with the undergraduate and graduate chemistry student in mindProvides a rational description of NMR spectroscopy without complicated mathematics

Although GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) finds applications in fields as diverse as the food processing industry, medicine, pharmacology, and environmental analysis, the few works that are dedicated to this use of mass spectrometry are generally highly complex and theoretical. Emphasizing the practical aspects of GC-MS, without neglecting the fundamental theory, Introduction to GC-MS Coupling addresses both novice and experienced users of this technique. It presents GC-MS in a clear, instructive way and proposes solutions for the difficulties classically encountered by users.

The book begins with the core principles of gas chromatography and its specific uses with MS detectors. It discusses generalities of mass spectrometry, including the various types of MS detectors and insight into the vacuum necessary for efficient operation. Chapters cover the types of analyzers used in GC-MS and their functioning principles, with a focus on the commonly used quadrupolar analyzers, as well as the implementation, advantages, and limits of various modes of acquisition in GC-MS. The text also compares performance and limitations of quadrupolar analyzers.

The author includes a full chapter on quantification using GC-MS, a topic that can be puzzling for many chemists. Encouraging a critical approach to databases, he compares laboratory-made and commercial mass spectra databases, and describes a database research algorithm. The final chapter examines mass spectra interpretation, covering chemistry concepts such as inductive and mesomeric effects required to understand dissociation pathways, and presents a global strategy for mass spectra interpretation.