The 2020 Web Almanac: HTTP Archive's annual state of the web report

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About this ebook

The Web Almanac is an annual research project by the web development community to better understand how the web is built and experienced. Industry experts and a team of peer reviewers and data analysts research the state of the web, one chapter at a time, focused in areas of web page composition, user experience, content publishing, and content delivery. The result is a richly detailed report brimming with insightful analysis written by subject matter experts built on a solid foundation of statistics aggregated over millions of top websites.

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About the author

Rick Viscomi is a Staff Developer Relations Engineer at Google, working on web transparency projects like the HTTP Archive and Chrome UX Report, and studying the intersection of how websites are built and experienced. Rick is the host of The State of the Web in which experts discuss how the web is trending. Rick is the coauthor of Using WebPageTest, a guide for testing web performance, and writes frequently about the web on dev.to and on Twitter at @rick_viscomi.

Lea teaches HCI & web programming and researches how to make web programming easier at MIT. She is a bestselling technical author and experienced speaker. She is passionate about open web standards, and is a longtime CSS Working Group member. Lea has started several popular open source projects and web applications, such as Prism, and Awesomplete. She tweets @leaverou and blogs at lea.verou.me.

Chris Lilley is a Technical Director at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Considered “the father of SVG”, he also co-authored PNG, was co-editor of CSS2, chaired the group that developed @font-face, and co-developed WOFF. Ex Technical Architecture Group. Chris is still trying to get Color Management on the Web, sigh. Currently working on CSS levels 3/4/5 (no, really), Web Audio, and WOFF2.

I’m a web developer, writer, public speaker. Co-founder of Perch CMS and Notist. Member of the CSS Working Group. Editor in Chief of Smashing Magazine.

Tim is a web performance consultant and trainer focused on building a web everyone can use. He is the author of High Performance Images (O'Reilly, 2016) and Implementing Responsive Design (New Riders, 2012). He writes about all things web at timkadlec.com. You can find him sharing his thoughts in a briefer format on Twitter at @tkadlec.

Jens Oliver Meiert is a web developer and author (CSS Optimization Basics, The Web Development Glossary), who works as an engineering manager at Jimdo. He's an expert on web development where he specializes in HTML and CSS optimization. Jens contributes to technical standards and regularly writes about his work and research, particularly on his website, meiert.com.

Catalin Rosu is a front-end developer at Caphyon and currently works on Wattspeed. He has a passion for web standards and a keen eye for great UX & UI, things he tweets and writes about on his website.

Ian Devlin is a web developer who advocates for good, semantic HTML, as well as accessibility. He once wrote a book about HTML5 Multimedia, and sporadically writes on his website about the Web and other things. He currently works as a Senior Frontend Engineer at real.digital in Germany.

Raph Levien has been working with fonts for over 35 years, including a PhD from UC Berkeley in font design tools. He is rejoining Google Fonts as a font technology researcher, after having co-founded the team in 2010.

Designer, tinkerer, typographer. Author of Responsive Typography, Invited Expert to the W3C, and 10yrs+ experience focused on better typography on the web.

Simon is a web performance architect, he is passionate about helping deliver a faster and more accessible web. You can find him tweeting @SimonHearne and blogging at simonhearne.com.

SEO consultant, author, speaker and entrepreneur. Founder of Orainti (a boutique SEO consultancy working with some of the top Web properties and brands, from SaaS to marketplaces) and co-founder of Remoters.net (a free remote work hub, featuring remote jobs, tools, events, guides, and more to facilitate remote work). Aleyda enjoys sharing about SEO through her blog, the #SEOFOMO newsletter, the Crawling Mondays video and podcast series and over Twitter.

An artist and a technologist, all rolled into one, Michael King is the founder of enterprise digital marketing agency, iPullRank and founder of Natural Language Generation app CopyScience. Effortlessly leaning on his background as an independent hip-hop musician, Mr. King is a compelling content creator and an award-winning dynamic speaker who is called upon to contribute to technology and marketing conferences and blogs all over the world. You can find Mike talking trash on Twitter.

100% human & totally not a robot, Jamie Indigo untangles technologies to help humans access useful information and businesses provide valuable digital experiences. She founded Not a Robot to consult with a focus on the human aspects of technical SEO including ethics & inclusion in technology and the search industry. She can found be learning in public on Twitter.

Olu Niyi-Awosusi is a software engineer at the FT who loves lists, learning new things, Bee and Puppycat, social justice, accessibility and trying harder every day.

Alex Tait is a developer, consultant and educator whose passion lies in the intersection of accessibility and modern JavaScript within interface architecture and design systems. As a developer, she believes that inclusion driven development practices with accessibility at the forefront lead to better products for everyone. As a consultant and strategist, she believes that less is more and that new feature scope creep cannot be prioritized over core feature parity for disabled users. As an educator, she believes in removing barriers to information so that tech can become a more diverse, equitable and inclusive industry.

Karolina is a Product Design Lead at Calibre, working on creating the most comprehensive speed monitoring platform. She curates Performance Newsletter, your source of performance news and resources. Karolina also frequently writes about how performance affects user experience.

Yana Dimova is a PhD student at KU Leuven university in Belgium, working on privacy and web security.

Tom Van Goethem is a researcher at the DistriNet group of the university of Leuven, Belgium. His research is focused on discovering new side-channel attacks on the web that lead to security or privacy issues, and figuring out how to patch the leaks that cause them.

Nurullah Demir is a security researcher and PhD Student at Institute for Internet Security. His research focuses on robust web security mechanisms and adversarial machine learning.

Barry Pollard is a software developer and author of the Manning book HTTP/2 in Action. He thinks the web is amazing but wants to make it even better. You can find him tweeting @tunetheweb and blogging at www.tunetheweb.com.

Shubhie Panicker is the engineering lead for Chrome’s engagement in the web framework ecosystem, where she collaborates with open source tools, frameworks and communities. As a member of Chrome’s Web Platform team she has worked on web standards and chromium’s implementation for several web performance APIs. Prior to Chrome, she worked on infrastructure and web frameworks for Google products like Search, Google Photos etc.

Michael DiBlasio is Web Ecosystems Consultant at Google. He focuses on helping to improve the health of the web ecosystem and to ensure the web is commercially viable for creators and partners. He works closely with strategic retailers to adopt new modern web technologies and improve the quality of existing web experiences. Prior to Google, Michael was a consultant at IBM.

Christian Liebel is a consultant at Thinktecture, supporting clients from various business areas in implementing first-class web applications. He is a Microsoft MVP for Developer Technologies, Google GDE for Web/Capabilities and Angular, and participates in the W3C Web Applications Working Group.

Hemanth HM is a FOSS Computer polyglot, FOSS philosopher, GDE for web and payments domain, DuckDuckGo community member, TC39 delegate and Google Launchpad Accelerator mentor. Loves The WEB && CLI. Hosts TC39er.us podcast.

Alex Denning is the Founder of Ellipsis Marketing, a marketing agency for WordPress businesses. Alex is a WordPress Core Contributor and has helped organize WordCamp London.

Ahmad Awais is an award-winning open-source engineer, Google Developers Expert Dev Advocate, Node.js Community Committee Outreach Lead, WordPress Core Dev, and VP of Engineering DevRel at WGA. He has authored various open-source software tools used by millions of developers worldwide. Like his Shades of Purple code-theme or projects like the corona-cli. Awais loves to teach. Over 20,000 developers are learning from his courses i.e. Node CLI, VSCode.pro, and Next.js Beginner. Awais received FOSS community leadership recognition as one of the 12 featured GitHub Stars. He is a member of the SmashingMagazine Experts Panel; featured & published author at CSS-Tricks, Tuts+, Scotch.io, SitePoint. You can mostly find him on Twitter @MrAhmadAwais where he tweets his #OneDevMinute developer tips.

Henri is a freelance developer who has turned his interests to a potpourri of performance engineering with pinches of user experience. When not reading the deluge of daily research docs and case studies, or indiscriminately auditing sites in devtools, Henri can be found contributing back to the community, co-programming meetups including the Toronto Web Performance Group or volunteering his time for lunch and learns at various bootcamps. Otherwise, he’s tooling with music production software or with near certainty training and focusing on running the fastest 5k possible.

Moritz Firsching is software engineer at Google Switzerland, where he works on progressive image formats and font compression. Before that Moritz did research as a mathematician studying polytopes.



Luca Versari is a software engineer at Google, working on JPEG XL. He's finishing a PhD on graph compression and has a background in mathematics.

Sami joined Google after completing his studies in engineering mathematics. After a few years of remote interest in compression, he eventually made it his full-time subject of work in 2018.

Jyrki Alakuijala is an active member of the open source software community, and a data compression researcher. Jyrki works at Google as a Technical Lead/Manager, and his recent published work has been with Zopfli, Butteraugli, Guetzli, Gipfeli, WebP lossless, Brotli, and JPEG XL compression formats and algorithms, and two hashing algorithms, CityHash, and HighwayHash. Before his Google employment he developed software for neurosurgery and radiation therapy treatment planning.

Enterprise Architect at Akamai, who is passionate about performance. A British ex-patriate, he has lived in San Francisco for more than twenty years. In his spare time, he's a long-distance adventure motorcyclist, snowboarder and boxer/karateka. He likes being known as a troublemaker. Most importantly, he's a father and husband and the owner of Luna the cat.

Enterprise architect at Tata Consultancy Services, working on large digital transformation programs in the public sector. A technology enthusiast with a special interest in performance engineering. An avid traveler, intrigued by astronomy, history, biology, and advancements in medicine. A strong follower of the 47th verse, Chapter 2 of Bhagavad Gita "karmaṇy-evādhikāras te mā phaleṣhu kadāchana" meaning "You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but you are not entitled to the fruits of action."

Leonardo is a Staff Software Engineer at Coinbase, leading web performance and growth initiatives. He curates the NGRome Conference. Leo also maintains the Perfume.js library, which helps companies prioritize roadmaps and make better business decisions through performance analytics.

Andrew works at Cloudflare helping to make the web faster and more secure. He spends his time deploying, measuring and improving new protocols and asset delivery to improve end-user website performance.

Robin is a web protocol and performance researcher at Hasselt University, Belgium. He has been working on getting QUIC and HTTP/3 ready to use by creating tools like qlog and qvis.

Editor of HTTP/3 with the QUIC Working Group. Architect in Akamai's Foundry group.

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