About this ebook
Key Features:
- Provides a review of government policies, programmes, and initiatives that have implications for energy sector and the Indian economy
- The analyses are based on the exhaustive data, sourced from energy supply, energy demand, and local and global environment sectors
- Traces the trend exhibited by energy generation and consumption and its association with the environment
Contents:
Energy and environment: an overview
Energy supply: Coal and lignite • Petroleum and natural gas • Power • Renewable energy
Energy demand: Agriculture • Industry • Transport • Household energy • Buildings
Local and global environment: Air • Solid waste management • Water resource management • Land and forest resource management • Climate change
Audience: Researchers and Professionals from industries, government organizations, and public sector undertakings. Research scholars from different NGOs, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and academic institutions.
Shelving: Energy, Environmental Sciences and Studies, Industry (Coal and lignite, oil and gas, power, renewable energy), climate change, Agriculture sector, Transport sector, domestic sector
For sample chapters and Sankey diagram, please visit: www.teriin.org/projects/teddy
List of Tables
Coal and Lignite
1 New environmental norms for TPSs
2 FGD implementation status of TPSs—general summary (capacity in MW)
3 FGD implementation status of TPSs situated in NCR (capacity in MW)
· Pithead run of mine price of non-coking coal applicable for Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Northern Coalfields Limited, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, South Eastern Coalfields Limited, and North Eastern Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020
· Revised price of coking coal for NRS
· Pit head price of non-coking coal applicable for Western Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020
Petroleum and Natural Gas
1 Hydrocarbon reserve status (as on 1 April 2021)
2 Trend in installed refining capacity of Indian refineries (in MTPA)
3 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India
4 List of taxes for the production and sale of crude oil in India
5 List of taxes for the production and sale of natural gas in India
6 Retail selling price and taxes on petrol and diesel in India and other countries in 2019/20
7 Phasing of minimum work programme
8 Trend in CNG stations, CNG vehicles, and CNG sales in India
9 Allocation for MoPNG under the budget estimate for 2021/22
· City gas distribution bidding parameters
· Year-wise work programme for successful CGD bidders
· Major crude oil and product pipeline network (as on 1 April 2022)
· Existing major LPG and petroleum products’ pipelines in India (as on 31 March 2021)
· Status of existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure
· Price build-up of subsidised domestic LPG in Delhi as on 1 April 2022
· Price build-up of PDS SKO in Mumbai as on 1 April 2022
· Price buildup of MS (petrol) in Delhi as on 1 April 2022
· Price buildup of HSD in Delhi as on 1 April 2022
· Present status of CGD infrastructure in India
Power
1 Sector-wise fuel-wise break-up of achieved capacity addition (in MW)
2 Addition in transmission lines and transformation capacity
3 Plan-wise growth of transmission lines (220 kV and above)
4 Import/export of energy by India from/to neighbouring countries (in MU)
5 Status of eight states as on 31 March 2021
6 Comparison of length of lines operating at various voltages as on 31 March 2021
7 Achievements in infrastructure under electrification schemes by Ministry of Power
8 Set targets and achievements under IPDS system
9 Details of electricity infrastructure created under DDUGJY (including additional infra) as on 31 October 2021
10 Set targets and achievements under UDAY scheme
11 Inter-regional power transfer capacity of national grid during the last three years
12 Sanctioned smart grid pilot projects and implementation status
Agriculture
1 Production, imports, and consumption of fertilizers (thousand tonnes of nutrients)
2 Shift in different sources of commercial energy consumption in Indian agriculture (in %)
3 Source-wise net irrigated area in India (in Mha)
4 Irrigation water productivity of rice, wheat, and sugar cane in major growing states
5 On-farm solar energy interventions linking water and land use in different states in India
· Policy categories and key nodal agency impacting energy use in agriculture
· Electricity consumption in agriculture sector
Industry
1 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for aluminium sector
2 Production of aluminium (in tonnes)
3 SEC in aluminium smelting
4 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for cement sector
5 Cement production
6 Indian and global average specific energy consumption of cement plant
7 Brief overview of different PAT cycle for chlor-alkali sector
8 Production of alkali chemicals
9 Section-wise energy consumption in caustic soda production
10 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for fertilizer sector
11 Production of urea, DAP and complex fertilizers (in MT)
12 Benchmarking energy consumption in the fertilizer sector
13 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for iron and steel sector
14 Crude steel production and capacity utilization
15 Comparison of Indian and international SEC for steel industry
16 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for pulp and paper sector
17 Benchmarking energy consumption in different industry groups of pulp and paper sector
18 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for textile sector
19 Production of yarn and fabric
20 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for petrochemical sector
21 Production (in MT) of major petrochemicals
Transportation
1 Road category along with the length (in km) for 2018 and 2019
2 Cargo traffic handled at major ports (in tonne) in 2021/22
3 Cargo traffic handled at non-major ports (in tonne) for 2021/22
4 Number of projects and project cost under Sagarmala
· App-based solution project in round II cities
· Growth of metro rail over the years
· Number of E-buses sanctioned under FAME-II scheme
Household Energy
1 A timeline of government acts, policies, and schemes for providing energy access to households
· Per capita consumption during 2019
· Per capita consumption of electricity in India
· Energy consumption by countries
· Village electrification in India
· State-wise monthly average duration of power cuts in urban areas at 11 kV feeder level during May 2019
· Distribution of households based on energy source for lighting
· Source of energy for cooking in residential sector in India
· Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for lighting (2001/02–2011/12)
· Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for lighting (2001/02–2011/12)
· Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for cooking (2001/02–2011/12)
· Consumption of LPG and kerosene
· Residential consumption of LPG
Buildings
1 Climate characteristics
2 Suggested P/A ratios for cooling dominated regions
3 Climate-specific shading responses for passive cooling
4 Green building rating systems and daylight benchmarks
5 Status of energy-efficiency policies in India
Air
1 State-/UT-wise distribution of manual and continuous monitoring stations in operation under NAMP
2 Revised ambient air quality standards
3 Breakpoints for AQI scale: 0–500
4 Active fire counts on crop land in different states of India during the last 10 years
5 Stack emission standards for major air-polluting industries
6 New emission standards for thermal power plants
7 Emission standards for two-wheeler and three-wheeler categories
8 Emission standards for four-wheeler category
9 Emission norms for heavy diesel vehicles
10 Emission standards for generator sets
11 Deaths attributable to air pollution along with total and per-capita economic loss due to premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution in the states of India
12 Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants on all daily mortality in India
13 Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants all-cause mortality around the globe
14 Recent policies in different sectors to improve air quality in India
15 Planned and proposed source apportionment studies under NCAP and their status as of May 2022
· Comparison of ambient air quality standards of different countries
· Number of days different states exceeded the NAAQS of PM2.5
· Summary of estimated source contributions including the contribution of sources outside the city air sheds
· Studies conducted relating to health effects of air pollution
Solid Waste Management
· MSW gasification technologies
· Various treatment technologies for plastic waste and their environmental impacts
· Recycling facilities located in different cities of India
· Management of C&D waste in major cities of India
Water Resource Management
1 Estimated utilizable flows and average annual potentials of the main basins of the country
2 Criteria for categorization of assessment units
3 Irrigated area covered under different forms of irrigation
4 Indicators developed by MoSPI for tracking/monitoring the progress of nationally defined SDGs
Land and Forest Resource Management
1 Forest cover of India
2 State-wise forest cover of India
3 Forest cover under different fire-prone classifications
4 Forest carbon stock under different pools and changes w.r.t. previous assessment
5 Key statistics of Indian hotspots
6 Floral diversity of India
7 Distribution of species in different IUCN categories
8 Protected areas of India (as on December 2021)
9 Current statistics as per 2020/21 SDG INDIA for SDG 14 and SDG 15
Climate Change
1 Emission scenario
2 Level of CO2 emissions
3 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters
4 Global emissions and emission gap under the implementation of NDCs for 2030 (median and range in GTCO2e)
5 Sector-wise national GHG emission (in MT)
6 Current status of state action plans on climate change
· Carbon dioxide emissions across regions (in MTCO2)
· Missions under National Action Plan on Climate Change
· Projects sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change
· State-wise projects with outlay sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change
List of Figures
Energy and Environment: an overview
1 Fuel-wise end-use energy consumption in 2020/21
2 Overall energy supply and consumption in India in 2020/21
3 Coal reserves in India as on 1 April 2021
4 Coal transportation by various modes
5 Trend in natural gas production and import dependency
6 Trend in petroleum products’ consumption in India
7 Installed generation capacity (as of March 2022)
8 Growth rate of electricity generation (2021/22)
9 Grid power and their percentage share till May 2022
10 Growth of renewable energy sources
11 Installed solar capacity (2017–22)
12 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector
13 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India
14 Global CO2 emission from transport subsectors (2000–20
15 Percentage of electricity consumers in residential sector to total power consumed by all sectors
16 Commercial energy consumption by use
17 Residential energy consumption by use
18 State-/UT-wise average ambient air quality status of different pollutant parameters for 2008–21
19 Per capita water availability in relation to population
20 Trend of average water table in India from 1980 to 2015
21 Forest cover of India
22 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters
23 CO2 emissions (in MTCO2) in India in comparison to GDP (PPP)
24 CO2 emissions within subsectors in India
Coal and Lignite
1 Coal reserves in India as on 1 April 2021
2 Lignite reserves in India as on 1 April 2021
3 Coal and lignite production in India
4 Coal production by CIL and SCCL
5 Production of coal (in %) from opencast and underground mining
6 Coal off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21
7 Lignite off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21
8 Coal transportation by various modes
9 Year-wise import of coal in India (in MT)
10 Source-wise import of coal in India (in MT)
11 India’s export of coal (in %)
Petroleum and Natural Gas
1 Status of hydrocarbon reserves
2 Total balance recoverable crude oil and natural gas reserves in India
3 Basin-wise ultimate hydrocarbon reserves as on 1 April 2021
4 Basin-wise in-place hydrocarbon reserves as on 1 April 2021
5 Trend in domestic crude oil production
6 Crude import, product imports, and total imports
7 Crude import, product imports, and total imports
8 Country-wise crude oil imports by India
9 Trend in production of petroleum products from refineries and fractionators
10 Trend in petroleum products’ consumption in India
11 Status of petroleum products’ consumption during 2021/22
12 Trend in domestic natural gas production
13 Trend in natural gas production and import dependency
14 Trend in consumption of natural gas by different sectors
15 Crude throughput of Indian refineries
16 Trend in gross refinery margin of Indian refineries
17 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India
18 Share of tax/ duties to total contribution of petroleum sector to exchequer
19 Contribution of taxes from oil and gas industry to the central exchequer
20 Contribution of taxes from oil and gas industry to the state exchequer
21 Trend of excise duty on petrol and diesel vis-a-vis crude oil price in India
22 State-wise collection of States Tax/ VAT/ SGST/ UTGST from the oil and gas industry in 2021
23 Trends in the price of domestic gas produced in India on GCV basis
24 Details of CGD bidding round, geographical areas, percentage of India’s population and percentage of India’s area with access to CGD network
25 Status of state-/UT-wise PNG - domestic, commercial, and industrial connections Indian sedimentary basins
Power
1 Installed generation capacity (as of March 2022)
2 Installed generation capacity by sector as of March 2022
3 Growth rate of installed generating capacity (2021/22)
4 CAGR of installed generating capacity (2012–22)
5 Total generation (including renewable energy sources)
6 Growth percentage of electricity generation
7 Growth rate of electricity generation (2021/22)
8 Electricity generation (2012–22)
9 Growth of gross electricity generation in India by mode (2012–22)
10 PLF of coal- and lignite-based power plants
11 Power supply position: energy
12 Growth rate of energy requirement and availability (2011–22)
13 Power supply position: peak
14 Growth rate of peak demand and met (2011–22)
15 Sector-wise electricity consumption pattern
16 Per capita electricity consumption
17 T&D losses
18 AT&C losses
19 Net import/total export of energy by India
20 Cross-border electricity trade on power exchange platform
Renewable Energy
1 Linkages of other SDGs to SDG 7
2 Grid power and their percentage share till May 2022
3 Growth of renewable energy sources
4 Top 10 states in renewable installation (till May 2022)
5 Installed solar capacity (2017–22)
6 Top 10 states grid-connected installed solar capacity (till 12 December 2020)
7 Solar tariff (till March 2020/21)
8 Net solar PV installed from 2018 to 2021
9 State-wise wind power potential at 100 m above ground level
10 Growth of wind energy sector from 2017 to 2022
11 State-wise installed capacity (as on December 2020)
12 Cumulative biomass power, gasification and bagasse cogeneration projects
13 State-/UT-wise cumulative commissioned biomass power, waste-to-power, and bagasse cogeneration grid-connected projects (up to 31 May 2022)
14 Cumulative waste-to-energy/power projects
15 Year-wise cumulative installed capacity of small hydropower
16 Tidal energy potential
17 Target for geothermal energy development
Agriculture
1 Production of different agricultural products in India
2 HSD and LDO consumption in the agriculture sector
3 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector
4 Region-wise electricity consumption in the agriculture sector
5 Production of urea, diammonium phosphate, and other complex fertilizers
6 Consumption pattern of different sources of energy
7 Number of tractors sold
8 Number of power tillers sold
9 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India
10 Percentage share of major farm machineries used in Indian agriculture
11 Farm power availability and food grain yield
12 Share of major crops in the gross cropped area in India
13 Trend in GHG emission from the agriculture sector in India (in GgCO2e)
14 Distribution of GHG emissions by sub-sectors from the agriculture sector from 2011 to 2016 in India
15 Selected state-/UT-wise area covered under micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler) in
India as on 31 March 2021
Industry
1 Share of different processes in crude steel production
Transportation
1 Change in CO2 emission by fossil fuels (2019–21)
2 Global CO2 emission from transport subsectors (2000–20)
3 Sector-wise change in energy demand in fuel (2000–19)
4 Energy use by passenger and freight modes in India (2000–20)
5 Highways constructed in India over the years
6 Number of registered vehicles from 2001 to 2020
7 Passenger traffic over time
8 Railway electrification routes over time
9 Freight traffic from 2018/19 to 2020/21
10 Total revenue from 2018/19 to 2020/21
11 Major commodities carried by the Indian Railways from 2016/17 to 2020/21
12 Cargo traffic handled at major ports
13 Commodity-wise traffic in major ports for 2021/22
14 National waterways’-wise share of traffic for 2020/21
15 National waterways’: commodity profile for 2020/21
16 Passenger traffic over the years
17 Cargo traffic over the years
18 Percentage of domestic cargo as belly cargo and dedicated freighter Comparison of number of EVs over the years
Household Energy
1 Source of lighting in Indian households: 2001–11
2 Residential consumers of LPG in India
3 Percentage of power consumer in residential sector to total power consumed by all sectors
4 Consumption of LPG and kerosene in the residential sector
5 Active consumers of LPG in the residential sector
6 Consumption of LPG in the residential sector
7 Consumption of electricity in the residential sector
Buildings
1 Daily electricity demand in India in 2019
2 Daily electricity demand in India in the Stated Policies Scenario in 2040
3 Commercial energy consumption by use
4 Residential energy consumption by use
5 Sector-wise growth in cooling demand
6 HVAC load break up in percentage
7 Integrated building design approach
8 Key benefits of integrated design approach
9 Summer sun path and comfort strategy
10 Winter sun path and comfort strategy
11 Building geometry and S/V ratio
12 Rectangular forms and S/V ratios
13 Comparison of single-glazed and triple-glazed, medium-solar-gain low-e glass
14 Building orientation for enhanced ventilation
15 Funneling effect for enhanced natural ventilation
16 Do’s and don’ts for correct window placement
17 Do’s and don’ts for correct window placement (modified form
18 Positive and negative air pressure zones
19 Stack ventilation
20 Fixed horizontal shading devices
21 Adjustable shading devices
22 (a) Shading cloth and (b) pergolas combined with vegetation
23 Horizontal shading versus vertical shading
24 Daylight factor illuminance
25 Daylight area for massing studies for different shapes of floor plan having similar floor area considering lintel level at 7 feet
26 Daylight area window head height thumb rule (section)
27 Daylight evaluation thumb rule for rectangular or square
28 Atrium rule of thumb
29 Energy reduction with increase in design indoor temperature
30 SDGs related to green buildings and infrastructure
31 National Strategic Plan for Energy Efficiency in Building Sector
32 Highlights of ECBC implementation impact for 2020/21
33 Key objectives of SUNREF programme
34 Percentage growth of cooling requirement in India
Air
1 Annual ambient concentration of different pollutants across the country during 2008–21
2 State-/UT-wise average ambient air quality status of different pollutant parameters for the period 2008–21
3 Comparison of number of households using different fuels for cooking in rural and urban areas in India
4 Sectorial contribution to ambient PM10 and PM2.5
5 State-/UT-wise number of non-attainment cities in India
Institutional framework of air quality governance in India
Solid Waste Management
1 MSW composition for waste received from Gurugram
2 Major e-waste contributing states in India
3 Emission points from MSW sector
· Management of plastics in India
· Average constituents of C&D waste
· C&D waste generated in major cities of India
· C&D waste management in India
· C&D waste recycling in a typical recycling facility
Water Resource Management
1 Per capita water availability in relation to population
2 (a) Categorization of groundwater assessment units in India from 2004 to 2020 and
(b) the number of groundwater assessment units
3 Depth to water level maps for (a) pre-monsoon, (b) post-monsoon, and (c) decadal water level fluctuation
4 Trend of the average water table in India from 1980 to 2015
5 Number of assessment units affected by fluoride
6 Number of assessment units affected by arsenic
7 Number of districts with electrical conductivity in groundwater above the permissible limit
8 Net irrigated area in India from 1950 to 2018
9 Households provided with tap water supply
10 (a) Schools and (b) AWCs provided with tap water supply
11 Sewage generation, installed treatment capacity, operational capacity, actual utilization, and complied treatment capacity
12 BOD trends of waterbodies in India (in mg/L)
13 Total coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India
14 Feacal coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India
15 Ramsar sites of India (till June 2022)
16 District-wise area coverage under PDMC from 2015 to 2020
17 High-, medium-, and low-performing states on water resource management
18 Vision and missions under Namami Gange
Land and Forest Resource Management
1 Percentage of area under various land uses
2 Land degradation map of India (generated using LISS-III data of 2015/16)
3 Forest cover of India
4 Projected demand for wood in India
5 Projected climate change in forest ecosystem in India
6 Top 10 developmental pressures on forest land in 2020
7 Forest carbon stock in different pools (in MT)
8 Biogeographic zones in India
9 Percentage of novelties in Plantae Kingdom published from India
10 Novelties published in Animalia Kingdom from India
11 Percentage of invasive species in different ecosystems
11 Contributions of different factors in biodiversity loss and habitat degradation
13 Arrival of tourists in India from 2015 to 2020
14 Cases registered under WPA in India from 2015 to 2020
15 Bending curve of biodiversity losses
16 Increase in number of PAs from 2000 to 2021
Climate Change
1 Annual total number of extreme climatic events in India
2 All-India annual mean temperature anomalies for 1901–2021 (based on the 1981–2010 average)
3 Spatial patterns of liner trends of (a) maximum and (b) minimum temperatures
4 Spatial pattern of trend (°C/100 years) in mean annual temperature anomalies (1901–2020) Keys Areas having significant at 95% levels are shaded; red denotes warming and blue denotes cooling.
5 Decadal means of all-India summer monsoon rainfall (in percentage departure from mean)
6 All-India annual mean percentage departures for 1901–2020 (based on the 1961–2010 average)
7 Sub-divisional trends of (a) seasonal and (b) monsoon rainfall for 1901–2003
8 Time series of active and break during the monsoon season
9 Cyclone tracks of depressions and cyclonic storms formed during 2021
10 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters
11 CO2 emissions (in MTCO2) in India in comparison to GDP (PPP)
12 CO2 emissions within subsectors in India
13 Emissions by fuel type in India
14 Comparison of coal cess collected, amount transferred to, and financed from projects recommended under NCEEF
List of Maps
Petroleum and Natural Gas
1 Crude oil and product infrastructure in India
2 Natural gas infrastructure in India
Renewable Energy
1 Solar potential of Indian states/union territories
2 State-wise wind energy potential at 100/120 m above ground level
3 Biomass power (BP), bagasse cogeneration (BC), and waste-to-energy (W2E)
4 Small hydro potential in India
5 Geothermal potential in India
Agriculture
State-wise distribution of districts based on vulnerability to climate change in India
Buildings
Climate zone map of India
Ratings and reviews
About the author
We are an independent, multi-dimensional organization, with capabilities in research, policy, consultancy and implementation. We are innovators and agents of change in the energy, environment, climate change and sustainability space, having pioneered conversations and action in these areas for over four decades.
We believe that resource efficiency and waste management are the keys to smart, sustainable and inclusive development. Our work across sectors is focused on
Promoting efficient use of resources
Increasing access and uptake of sustainable inputs and practices
Reducing the impact on environment and climate
Our research, and research based solutions have had a transformative impact on industry as well as communities. We have fostered international collaboration on sustainability action by creating a number of platforms and forums. We do this by translating our research into technology products, technical services, as well as policy advisory and outreach.
Headquartered in New Delhi, we have regional centres and campuses in Gurugram, Bengaluru, Guwahati, Mumbai, Panaji, and Nainital. Our 750-plus team of scientists, sociologists, economists and engineers delivers insightful, high quality action-oriented research and transformative solutions supported by state- of-the-art infrastructure.
