Advanced Level Biology

Logiciel Puissant

Iqukethe izikhangiso

Mayelana nalolu hlelo lokusebenza

Izihloko zazifakiwe:
Ukudla okunomsoco:
Ukudla okunomsoco kugxile ocwaningweni lokuthi izinto eziphilayo zithola futhi zisebenzise kanjani izakhamzimba ukukhula, amandla, kanye nezinqubo ze-metabolic. Izihloko ezingaphansi zingase zihlanganise izinhlobo zemisoco (ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, amavithamini, amaminerali), izindlela zokudla okunomsoco (i-autotrophic ne-heterotrophic), nezinqubo zokugaya, ukumuncwa, nokumuncwa kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukudidiyela:
Ukuxhumana kuphathelene nokulawulwa nokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba entweni ephilayo ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis. Kubandakanya amasistimu wezinzwa kanye ne-endocrine. Izihloko ezingezansi zingabandakanya amangqamuzana ezinzwa (ama-neurons), ama-nerve impulses, ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic, ama-sensor neurons nama-motor neurons, kanye nendima yamahomoni ekuxhumaniseni izimpendulo ze-physiological.

Izimiso Zokuhlukaniswa:
Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngezimiso nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa izinto eziphilayo ngokusekelwe ebudlelwaneni bazo bokuguquguquka kanye nezici ezabiwe. Izihloko ezingezansi zingabandakanya i-taxonomy, i-binomial nomenclature, amasistimu wokuhlukanisa ngokwezigaba, kanye nesistimu yezizinda ezintathu (i-Archaea, i-Bacteria, ne-Eukarya).

I-Cytology:
I-Cytology iwucwaningo lwamaseli, okungamayunithi ayisisekelo empilo. Kuhlanganisa ukwakheka, umsebenzi, kanye nezinqubo zamaselula ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Izihloko ezingaphansi ku-Cytology 1 kanye ne-Cytology 2 zingase zibandakanye ukwakheka kweseli, ama-organelles (isb., i-nucleus, i-mitochondria, i-chloroplasts), ulwelwesi lwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli (i-mitosis ne-meiosis), kanye nokuhamba kwamaselula.

I-Evolution:
I-Evolution ihlola inqubo yoshintsho ezintweni eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Izihloko ezingaphansi zingafaka ukukhethwa kwemvelo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo (izinsalela, i-anatomy yokuqhathanisa, i-embryology, i-molecular biology), i-speciation, kanye nomthelela wamandla okuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

I-Ecology:
I-Ecology iwucwaningo lokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo. Izihloko ezingaphansi zingabandakanya i-ecosystem, izici ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic, imiphakathi, imiphakathi, amaketanga okudla namawebhu, imijikelezo yezakhi (ikhabhoni, i-nitrogen), ukulandelana kwemvelo, kanye nomthelela womuntu ku-ecosystem.

Ukukhiqiza kabusha:
Ukukhiqiza kuhlanganisa izinqubo izinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza ngayo inzalo. Izihloko ezingaphansi Kokukhiqiza kabusha 1 kanye Nokukhiqiza kabusha 2 zingabandakanya ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual kanye nocansi, i-gametogenesis, ukuvundiswa, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic, namasu okuzala ezintweni ezihlukahlukene.

I-Genetics:
I-Genetics yisifundo sofuzo kanye nokudluliselwa kwezimpawu kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Izihloko ezingezansi zingabandakanya izakhi zofuzo ze-Mendelian, izikwele ze-Punnett, iziphambano zofuzo, amaphethini efa (autosomal kanye nocansi), ukuphazamiseka kofuzo, namasu esimanje kufuzo.

Ukukhula Nokuthuthukiswa:
Ukukhula Nokuthuthukiswa kuhlanganisa izinqubo izinto eziphilayo ezikhula ngazo, zivuthwe, futhi zishintshe kuyo yonke imijikelezo yazo yokuphila. Izihloko ezingezansi zingabandakanya ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukuthuthukiswa kwezicubu, amahomoni okukhula, izigaba zokukhula komuntu, nezici ezithonya ukukhula nokuthuthuka.

Ezokuthutha:
Ezokuthutha zisho ukuhamba kwezinto ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo, njengezakhamzimba, amagesi, nemfucumfucu. Izihloko ezingezansi zingabandakanya uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi (igazi nenhliziyo), uhlelo lokuphefumula (ukushintshisana kwegesi), kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi nemisoco ezitshalweni.