Engineering Thermodynamics

Engineering Wale Babaโ€
ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
3.1
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืกืคืจ ื™ื“ื ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืก. ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืคืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืืจื™ื.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื•ืจืก. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”.

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขื ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœืš, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืขื–ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืก, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.

ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื:

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจื”
ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช
ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ื›ื•ื— ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืง
ืžืื–ื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคื™ืจ
ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื”
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืคื— ืงื‘ื•ืข
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื“ื™ืื‘ื˜ื™
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช
ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ื ืง
ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื
ื’ื– ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
ืจืฆืฃ
ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื” ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”: ืžื‘ื•ื
ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”
ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ืช
ืžืงื“ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืœื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ
ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื ื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื’ื– ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืชืจืžื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื”
ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื›ื™ื
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื’ื– ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช: ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืกื•ืคื™
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื
ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื
ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืŸ
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืกื•ืคื™
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื™
ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืชืจืฉื™ื ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืคื— ื‘ืงืจื”
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื—ื™ืก
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ื›ื”
ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื
ืชืจืฉื™ื P-v ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”- P-T ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื‘
ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ
ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช
ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
ENTHALPY
ื”ึฒืคึดื™ื›ื•ึผืช
ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ืจ
ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช
ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื
ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืœื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ
ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืจ
ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื—ื•ื
ืžืื–ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช
ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™: ื ืคื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจื”
ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืืงืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื•ืื™-ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช
ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื
ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืงืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื”



ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช :
ืคืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
* ืคืจื™ืกืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื”
* ืžืฆื‘ ืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ื—
* ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
* ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
* ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
* ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื
* ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
* ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื“

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื”.

ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืจืกื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ืืฉืžื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื ื ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš
24 ื‘ืื•ื’ืณ 2025

ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื
ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

3.1
134 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช
ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœื

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”

ืืชืจ
ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”
georgydoki@gmail.com
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
Bhanuben B. Thummar
georgydoki@gmail.com
India
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