History of Guatemala
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Umlando waseGuatemala uqala ngempucuko yamaMaya (2600 BC - 1697 AD), eyayiphakathi kwalawo achuma ezweni lawo. Umlando wanamuhla waleli zwe waqala ngokunqotshwa kweSpain iGuatemala ngo-1524. Iningi lamadolobha amakhulu enkathi ye-Classic (250-900 AD) yamaMaya esifundeni sasePetén Basin, ezindaweni eziphansi ezisenyakatho, ayeseshiywe ngonyaka ka-1000 AD. Izifunda ezisezindaweni eziphakeme zaseBelize zachuma kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika umnqobi waseSpain uPedro de Alvarado ngo-1525. Ebizwa ngokuthi "Umhlaseli" ngabantu baseMeya, ngokushesha waqala ukubusa izifunda zaseNdiya.
IGuatemala yayiyingxenye kaCaptaincy General waseGuatemala cishe iminyaka engama-330. Lobu kaputeni bekufaka phakathi lokho manje osekuyi-Chiapas e-Mexico namazwe anamuhla aseGuatemala, e-El Salvador, eHonduras, eNicaragua naseCosta Rica. Leli koloni lazibusa ngo-1821 labe seliyingxenye yoMbuso Wokuqala WaseMexico kwaze kwaba ngu-1823. Kusukela ngo-1824 laliyingxenye yeFederal Republic of Central America. Lapho iRiphabhulikhi ihlakazeka ngo-1841, iGuatemala yazibusa ngokugcwele.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amandla eGuatemala okuxhashazwa kwezolimo aheha izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi i-United Fruit Company (UFC). Lezi zinkampani zazisekelwa ababusi bezwe abanobushiqela kanye nohulumeni wase-United States ngokusekela kwazo imithetho enonya yezabasebenzi kanye nezivumelwano ezinkulu ezinikezwa abaninimhlaba abacebile. Ngo-1944, izinqubomgomo zikaJorge Ubico zaholela ekuvukeleni okudumile okwaqala iNguquko yaseGuatemala yeminyaka eyishumi. Amahhovisi omongameli kaJuan Jose Arévalo kanye noJacobo Árbenz abone izinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, okuhlanganisa nokwanda okukhulu kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala kanye nohlelo oluyimpumelelo lwezinguquko kwezolimo.
Izinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo zika-Arévalo kanye no-Árbenz zaholela i-UFC ukuthi inxenxe uhulumeni wase-United States ukuthi awiswe, futhi ukuketulwa kombuso okwakhiwe yi-US ngo-1954 kwaqeda uguquko futhi kwafaka umbuso wezempi. Lokhu kwalandelwa abanye ohulumeni bezempi, futhi kwasusa impi yombango eyaqala ngo-1960 kuya ku-1996. Le mpi yabona ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nokuqothulwa kohlanga lwamaMaya omdabu amasosha. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, iGuatemala iphinde yasungula intando yeningi emele abantu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izabalaza ukuphoqelela umthetho futhi ibhekene nezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu kanye nokuqhubeka nokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkantolo, okuvamise ukubulawa ngamasosha.
IGuatemala yayiyingxenye kaCaptaincy General waseGuatemala cishe iminyaka engama-330. Lobu kaputeni bekufaka phakathi lokho manje osekuyi-Chiapas e-Mexico namazwe anamuhla aseGuatemala, e-El Salvador, eHonduras, eNicaragua naseCosta Rica. Leli koloni lazibusa ngo-1821 labe seliyingxenye yoMbuso Wokuqala WaseMexico kwaze kwaba ngu-1823. Kusukela ngo-1824 laliyingxenye yeFederal Republic of Central America. Lapho iRiphabhulikhi ihlakazeka ngo-1841, iGuatemala yazibusa ngokugcwele.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amandla eGuatemala okuxhashazwa kwezolimo aheha izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi i-United Fruit Company (UFC). Lezi zinkampani zazisekelwa ababusi bezwe abanobushiqela kanye nohulumeni wase-United States ngokusekela kwazo imithetho enonya yezabasebenzi kanye nezivumelwano ezinkulu ezinikezwa abaninimhlaba abacebile. Ngo-1944, izinqubomgomo zikaJorge Ubico zaholela ekuvukeleni okudumile okwaqala iNguquko yaseGuatemala yeminyaka eyishumi. Amahhovisi omongameli kaJuan Jose Arévalo kanye noJacobo Árbenz abone izinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, okuhlanganisa nokwanda okukhulu kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala kanye nohlelo oluyimpumelelo lwezinguquko kwezolimo.
Izinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo zika-Arévalo kanye no-Árbenz zaholela i-UFC ukuthi inxenxe uhulumeni wase-United States ukuthi awiswe, futhi ukuketulwa kombuso okwakhiwe yi-US ngo-1954 kwaqeda uguquko futhi kwafaka umbuso wezempi. Lokhu kwalandelwa abanye ohulumeni bezempi, futhi kwasusa impi yombango eyaqala ngo-1960 kuya ku-1996. Le mpi yabona ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nokuqothulwa kohlanga lwamaMaya omdabu amasosha. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, iGuatemala iphinde yasungula intando yeningi emele abantu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izabalaza ukuphoqelela umthetho futhi ibhekene nezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu kanye nokuqhubeka nokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkantolo, okuvamise ukubulawa ngamasosha.
Kubuyekezwe ngo-
Ukuphepha kuqala ngokuqonda ukuthi onjiniyela baqoqa futhi babelane kanjani ngedatha yakho. Ubumfihlo bedatha nezinqubo zokuphepha zingahluka kuye ngokusebenzisa kwakho, isifunda, nobudala. Unjiniyela unikeze lolu lwazi futhi angalubuyekeza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
