Immune system

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Mayelana nalolu hlelo lokusebenza

Amasosha omzimba uhlelo lokuzivikela olubamba izakhiwo eziningi zebhayoloji nezinqubo ezingaphakathi kwento evikela izifo. Ukuze kusebenze kahle, amasosha omzimba kufanele athole izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-ejenti, aziwa njengamagciwane, kusuka kumagciwane kuya kwizikelemu eziyizinambuzane, futhi awahlukanise nezicubu zomzimba ezinempilo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, amasosha omzimba angahlukaniswa abe ama-subsystems, njengamasosha omzimba angokwemvelo ngokuqhathanisa amasosha omzimba aguqukayo, noma amasosha omzimba ahlekisayo ngokuqhathaniswa nokuvikeleka kwamaseli. Kubantu, isithiyo segazi-nobuchopho, isithiyo segazi se-cerebrospinal fluid, kanye nezithiyo ezifanayo zobuchopho ezihlukanisa uketshezi lomzimba ohlelweni lwe-neuroimmune, oluvikela ubuchopho.

Amagciwane angashintsha ngokushesha futhi aguquguquke, futhi ngaleyo ndlela agweme ukutholwa nokungathathi hlangothi amasosha omzimba; kodwa-ke, izindlela eziningi zokuzivikela nazo ziguqukile ukuze zibone futhi zinciphise amagciwane. Ngisho nezinto ezilula ezingama-unicellular ezinjengebhaktheriya zinamasosha omzimba angacacile ngendlela yama-enzyme avikela ezifweni ze-bacteriophage. Ezinye izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuzivikela ezifweni ziguquke kuma-eukaryote asendulo futhi zihlala ezizalweni zazo zesimanje, njengezitshalo nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Lezi zindlela zifaka phakathi i-phagocytosis, ama-peptide alwa namagciwane abizwa ngama-defensins, kanye nohlelo lokugcwalisa. Ama-vertebrate ama-jawed, kufaka phakathi abantu, anezindlela zokuzivikela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kufaka phakathi amandla wokuzivumelanisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukubona amagciwane athile kahle kakhulu. Ukuzivikela komzimba okuguquguqukayo (noma okutholakele) kudala imemori ye-immunological ngemuva kwempendulo yokuqala ku-pathogen ethile, okuholela ekuphenduleni okuthuthukile kokuhlangana okulandelayo nalelo gciwane elifanayo. Le nqubo yokuzivikela etholakalayo iyisisekelo sokugoma.