Metabolism

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I-Metabolism (kusuka esiGrekini: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") isethi yokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali okusindisa impilo ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezinto eziphilayo. Izinhloso ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-metabolism ukuguqulwa kokudla / uphethiloli amandla ukusebenzisa izinqubo zamaselula, ukuguqulwa kokudla / uphethiloli kumabhulokhi okwakha amaprotheni, i-lipids, i-nucleic acid, namanye ama-carbohydrate, kanye nokuqedwa kwemfucumfucu enenitrojeni. Lokhu kusabela okwenziwe nge-enzyme kuvumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zikhule futhi zikhiqize, zigcine ukwakheka kwazo, futhi ziphendule ezindaweni zazo. Igama elithi metabolism lingabhekisa nakusibalo sakho konke ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi ukugaya ukudla nokuthuthwa kwezinto zingene phakathi naphakathi kwamaseli ahlukene, lapho-ke isethi yokuphendula ngaphakathi kwamaseli ibizwa ngokuthi yi-metabolism emaphakathi noma umzimba ophakathi.

I-Metabolism ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: i-catabolism, ukwehliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwesibonelo, ukwehliswa kweglucose kuya ku-pyruvate, ngokuphefumula kwamaselula, kanye ne-anabolism, ukwakhiwa kwezakhi zamaseli ezinjengamaprotheni kanye ne-nucleic acid. Imvamisa, ukwephula ukukhipha amandla nokwakha kudla amandla.

Ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali kwemetabolism kuhlelwe kwaba izindlela zomzimba, lapho ikhemikhali elilodwa liguqulwa ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo lube elinye ikhemikhali, ngokulandelana kwama-enzyme. Ama-enzyme abalulekile ekuguqulweni kwemizimba ngoba avumela izinto eziphilayo ukuba zishayele ukusabela okufiselekayo okudinga amandla ongeke kwenzeke ngokwawo, ngokuwahlanganisa nokusabela okuzenzekelayo okukhulula amandla. Ama-enzyme asebenza njengezikhuthazi ezivumela ukusabela ukuthi kuqhubeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Ama-enzyme futhi avumela ukulawulwa kwezindlela ze-metabolic ekuphenduleni izinguquko endaweni yeseli noma kwizimpawu ezivela kwamanye amaseli.