Physics Dictionary: Terms Aโ€“Z

ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืชื•ื›ืŸ
ื›ื•ืœื
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ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืช
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 705 ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื' ืขื“ ืช', ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื—, ืžืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืืคืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ืขื ื”ืกืžืœ, ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”-SI ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.

ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ "ืจืื” ื’ื" ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื‘ืื”. 300 ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•-259 ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”-SI ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช.

ืžื” ืชืžืฆืื•

โ€ข ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื'-ืช': 23 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
โ€ข ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื ื•ืฉื: ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืื—ื“: ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” (169 ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื); ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœ (64); ื—ื•ื ื•ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” (93); ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช (174); ืื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” (110); ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (147); ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” (49)
โ€ข 14 ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื: ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข, ื’ืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™, ื’ืœ ืขื•ืžื“, ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื“ื™ืื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื•ื, ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ืงืจื ื™ ืขื“ืฉื”, ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™, ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื
โ€ข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช SI ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื: 7 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ SI ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, 22 ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, 24 ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ CODATA 2022 ืž-NIST, ื•-16 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ SI
โ€ข ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื•ืช SI ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ื›ืœ 24 ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืž-quecto ืขื“ quetta, ื•ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
โ€ข ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”: ืชืื•ืฆื”, ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืœื™, ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื”, ืžื•ืžื ื˜, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื˜
โ€ข ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื: ืžืฉืจืขืช, ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืคืœืจ, ืชื”ื•ื“ื”, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™, ื—ื•ื ืกืžื•ื™
โ€ข ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ื•ื— ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืžื ื™ืข, ืขื›ื‘ื”, ืฉื˜ืฃ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™, ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืฅ
โ€ข ืื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช: ืžืงื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”, ืื•ืจืš ืžื•ืงื“, ืืคืงื˜ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื™, ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
โ€ข 705 ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืขื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ
โ€ข ืกืžืœื™ื, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช SI ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกืš
โ€ข ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื
โ€ข ื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืžืกืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืกื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ืื•ืช
โ€ข ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื”ื”
โ€ข ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
โ€ข ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘-8 ืฉืคื•ืช: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช
โ€ข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ื— ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
โ€ข ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
โ€ข ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ื ื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
โ€ข ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
โ€ข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, AP, A-level ืื• IB ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ืช.

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช OpenStax, ืขืจื›ื™ NIST CODATA 2022 ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช SI. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืืฃ ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืงื™ื ื”.
ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ 705 ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช SI ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš
25 ื‘ืื•ืงืณ 2026

ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.

ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ?

Stability improvements.

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
AYESHA BEGUM
rohimabegummoni@gmail.com
Bangladesh

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