Fluid dynamics

ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืชืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•

ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืช-ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื - ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืชืช-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” (ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”) ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” (ื—ืงืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”). ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงืฆื‘ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข. ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ - ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• - ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื”, ืœื—ืฅ, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ "ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืžืฉืง ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก ืฉื ืžืฆื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“. ืžื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ:

ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ Prandtl โ€“ Meyer
ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงื•ืœื™, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” Prandtl โ€“ Meyer, ื’ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืจื›ื– ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืขืœ-ืงื•ืœื™ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืงืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžืืš, ื”ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ืžืคื™ื ื” ื—ื“ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.

ื ื•ื–ืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™
ื ื•ื–ืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืžืชื•ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ - ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืขื›ื‘ืช ื’ืœ
ืขื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™-ื—ืฉืžืœื™-ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ (TEM) ื”ื ืข ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™, ืขื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœ ืขื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง, ืขื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ ืขื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™. ื”ืกืžืœ Z ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžืœ ฮท (eta) ื‘ืžืงื•ื Z ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช :
โ€ข ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ - ืื™ื ื›ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืืžืจื™ื (ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื) ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (ืœืžืขื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช);
โ€ข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื. ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” - ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืœื˜;
โ€ข ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช (ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื);
โ€ข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื” - ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช;
โ€ข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืื• ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ;
โ€ข ื—ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”;
โ€ข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื•ืœื™;
โ€ข ืชื•ืื ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“;
โ€ข ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื;
โ€ข ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื;
โ€ข ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘;
โ€ข ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื;
โ€ข ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” "ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื" ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื :
โœ“ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ;
โœ“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ;
โœ“ ื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” .
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš
29 ื‘ืื•ื’ืณ 2024

ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

4.5
349 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ

- pdf creation improved;
- new color themes added;
- new feature: "Read Later" list;
- added function of uploading download of lists: history, favorites, read later;
- optimized view on tablets;
- added full-text search;
- bug fixes;
- new articles added.