Computer Hardware

ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•

ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘:

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืกื” 104 ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื•ืจืก, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘-7 ืคืจืงื™ื. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”.

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช.

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืžืฉื›ื•

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื:

1. ืœื•ื— ืื
2. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
3. ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
4. ื‘ืชื™ื
5. ASCII
6. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™
7. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช PC
8. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™
9. ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื™
10. POST ื•-CMOS
11. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช BIOS ื•-ATX
12. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”
13. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ
14. ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
15. ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”-PC
16. ืืคื™ืง ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
17. ืืคื™ืง 66 ืžื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ ื•-100 ืžื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ
18. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”-I/O
19. ืจืงืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”-I/O
20. ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช
21. MCA, EISA ื•-VLB
22. ืืคื™ืง ื”-PCI
23. ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื
24. ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
25. ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื Intel TX - AGP ื•-Ultra DMA
26. ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ Pentium Pro ื•-Pentium II
27. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ RAM
28. ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ SIMM
29. ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ DIMM
30. PC100 RAM ื•-Rambus RDRAM
31. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“
32. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืชื•ืืžื•ืช 8086
33. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช CISC ื•-RISC ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ
34. ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
35. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ
36. CPU - ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
37. ื›ื•ื ื ื™ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
38. ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“
39. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“
40. ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื
41. ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื MMX
42. Cyrix 6X86
43. AMD
44. Cyrix 6X86MX
45. ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•
46. โ€‹โ€‹ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื II
47. ืฉืงืขื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ ื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื
48. ืฉืขื•ืŸ
49. ืื•ื‘ืจ-clocking
50. ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘-over clocking
51. ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื
52. ืžืžืฉืง
53. ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื
54. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ืงืฉื™ื—
55. ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื—
56. ืžืžืฉืง ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื—
57. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
58. CD ื•-DVD-ROM
59. ื›ื•ื ื ื™ MO
60. ื˜ื™ื™ืค ืกื˜ืจื™ืžืจื™ื
61. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœ-I/O
62. ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”-I/O ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
63. ืžืชืืžื™ื
64. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ PC ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™
65. IRQ
66. DMA
67. ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก
68. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœื˜/ืคืœื˜
69. ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก PC
70. EIDE
71. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื
72. Ultra DMA
73. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
74. ืžืžืฉืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ
75. SCSI ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
76. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช SCSI
77. ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืื• ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช
78. IEEE 1394 FireWire
79. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
80. ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘
81. ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช
82. ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
83. ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
84. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขื FDISK
85. ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ
86. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”
87. ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช
88. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”
89. ื‘ืงืจืช DOS ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”
90. ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 32 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
91. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•
92. ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื
93. ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
94. ืฆื‘ืข, ืขื•ืžืง ืฆื‘ืข ื•-RGB
95. ืจืขื ื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืกืš
96. ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืจ
97. ืžืกืš ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
98. ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข
99. ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืกืš
100. ืžืกื›ื™ LCD
101. ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžืกืš
102. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ RAM ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืžืกืš
103. ืงืœืคื™ื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืคื™ื
104. ืœื•ื— ืื ื•ืกืคืง ื›ื•ื—

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื :
* ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืจืง
* ืคืจื™ืกืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื”
* ืžืฆื‘ ืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ื—
* ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
* ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
* ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
* ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืงื‘ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ
* ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื ื™ื™ื“
* ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื“

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฆืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ืืฉืžื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืœืš ืื•ืชื.
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš
22 ื‘ืื•ื’ืณ 2025

ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
Bhanuben B. Thummar
georgydoki@gmail.com
India
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โ€ซืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืช Engineering Wale Babaโ€Žโ€