Optical Fiber Communication

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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื:

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืก.

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืคืจื˜ืช 225 ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื•ืจืก, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘-5 ืคืจืงื™ื. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”.

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช.

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื:

1. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
2. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
3. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
4. ื“ื’ื ืจื™ื™
5. ื”ื ื—ืชื”
6. ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืง:
7. ืงืœื™ื˜ื”
8. ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™
9. ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื™ื
10. ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
11. ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ
12. ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ
13. ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ
14. ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘
15. ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื™ื
16. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
17. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
18. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
19. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
20. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืคืœืงืกื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
21. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื•ืžื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
22. ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ GRIN
23. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
24. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช
25. ืžืฆืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
26. ืžืฆืžื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ
27. ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
28. ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
29. ืžืกื ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื“ื”-ืžืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช
30. ื“ื”-ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืคืก-ืคืก ืขื ืขื“ืฉืช GRIN-ืžื•ื˜
31. ืื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”
32. ืกื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื’ ืกื•ืจื’ (FBG)
33. ืกื•ืจื’ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื’ืœ ืขืจื•ืš (AWG)
34. "ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื•ื ื”"
35. ืžืจื‘ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื”/ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช FBG
36. ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™
37. ืคืขื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ- ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
38. ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
39. ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
40. ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื•ืชื ื•ื“ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
41. ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ืœืชื ื•ื“ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
42. ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”
43. ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช
44. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืจืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื
45. ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช
46. โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’'ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช
47. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”
48. ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืก ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื”
49. ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื”
50. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื”
51. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—
52. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก
53. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจ
54. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
55. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจืงื” ื‘ืชื“ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
56. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื”
57. ืฆื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื
58. ื”-Nd: ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ YAG
59. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
60. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง
61. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื—ืœืœ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืจื•ืš
62. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
63. ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
64. LED ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™
65. ื›ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช LED
66. ืžื‘ื ื™ ืœื“
67. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ LED
68. ื’ืœืื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
69. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™
70. P-N-Photodiodes
71. ืงืœื™ื˜ื”
72. ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืขืงื™ืคื”: ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ื
73. ืคื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ืช ื”-PIN
74. ืคื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืœ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช
75. ืคื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” (UTC).
76. ืคื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ื—ืœืœ ืชื”ื•ื“ื”
77. ืจืขืฉ ื‘-PIN Photodiode

ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื ืขื ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.

ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™.

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื :
* ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืจืง
* ืคืจื™ืกืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื”
* ืžืฆื‘ ืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ื—
* ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
* ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
* ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
* ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืงื‘ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ
* ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื ื™ื™ื“
* ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื“

ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืจืกื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฆืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื ืฉืžื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื.
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš
25 ื‘ืื•ื’ืณ 2025

ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

3.2
272 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”

ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
Bhanuben B. Thummar
georgydoki@gmail.com
India
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