A People's History of United S
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Mayelana nalolu hlelo lokusebenza
Ku-A People's History of the United States, iZinn ihlose ukubhala i-akhawunti yomlando waseMelika ngokubuka kwabantu abashushiswayo, abangenawo amandla, ababhekelwa eceleni, kunokuba kube yinqwaba ejwayelekile yamaqhawe nabadumile. Uqala ngokufunda ngokunqotshwa kukaChristopher Columbus kweNew World ngo-1492; ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu baqothula zonke izizwe zamaMelika Omdabu futhi baletha ingcebo enkulu emazweni abo.
Impi Yombango ivame ukukhunjulwa njengomcimbi odale ukuthi uhulumeni wesifundazwe angenelele aqede ubugqila unomphela. Kepha empeleni, uhulumeni wobumbano wakwenza lokho kuphela ngoba wayephoqelelwe izizukulwane zabantu baseMelika ababedlubulundela ababevukela umbuso, bevukela izigqila, futhi besebenzisa ilungelo labo lokucela uhulumeni. Lapho uhulumeni ekugcineni ekhulula izigqila, wakwenza ngendlela eyanikeza abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ukusekelwa okuncane. Ngempela, eminyakeni eyalandela iMpi Yombango (isikhathi esaziwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha) uhulumeni wobumbano wanikeza ukuxhaswa kwezezimali nezempi kwabase-Afrika baseMelika eNingizimu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kuka-1876, uhulumeni wesifundazwe wahlehla ekusekeleni abantu base-Afrika baseMelika futhi esikhundleni salokho wazihlanganisa nezintshisekelo zabamabhizinisi baseNingizimu. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, uhulumeni wobumbano waba nesibindi ngokusebenzisana nebhizinisi; impela, yayisekela ukungenelela kwezempi, ikakhulukazi eLatin America, eyayenzelwe ukuqinisa ibhizinisi laseMelika.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uhulumeni waseMelika wathumela izakhamizi zakhe ezazimpofu kakhulu ukuba zife empini eyayingahlangene nakancane nazo. Iphinde yadlulisa uchungechunge lwemithetho evimbela izakhamizi ukuthi zikhulume ngokumelene nempi nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngempela, izishoshovu eziningi zeSocialist zangaleso sikhathi zaziboshelwe ukwethula ukusho okusobala — iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakuyimpi eyonakele, eyayibuswa ngabezizwe.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi — ukuxabana phakathi kweU.S. neU.S.S.R., omunye amandla amakhulu emhlabeni - uhulumeni waseU.S. Wazama ukwethusa abantu baseMelika ngokuxwayisa ngokuthathwa kwamaKhomanisi emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni uxhasile ukukhishwa kombuso kanye nobushiqela obunamaphiko okudla emhlabeni wonke, uvame ukususa abaholi bamaSocialist abakhethwe ngentando yeningi kulolu hlelo, ngaso sonke isikhathi benesicelo sokuvikela intando yeningi nokulwa nobuKhomanisi. Empeleni, i-Establishment ibizama ukuvikela izintshisekelo zayo zebhizinisi, iqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bomhlaba bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisana nezinhlangano zaseMelika.
Ngawo-1960s, iMelika yabhekana nokuthululwa kokukhungatheka okukhulu okuphuphile. Abantu balwela amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo ezitabane, ukuvikelwa kwezemvelo, ukuziphindisela kwabomdabu baseMelika, kanye nezinye izimbangela ezinqala zabaningi. Ezimweni eziningi, impendulo kahulumeni ezenzweni zabantu bakhe kwakungukusungula izinguquko ezinesizotha, ezingazange zibhekane nezimbangela zenkinga.
Ngawo-1970, 80s, kanye no-90s, ubu-radicalism babukeka buphela eMelika. Kodwa ikakhulukazi, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abezindaba bayeka ukubika ngemibhikisho ethandwayo. Khonamanjalo, uhulumeni waseMelika, yize ayehla enyuka phakathi kwabaholi beRiphabhulikhi kanye neDemokhrasi, waqinisa uhlelo lwezombusazwe olungaguquguquki, lapho inhlalakahle yehliswa futhi isabelomali samasosha sanda. Ngisho nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, isabelomali sezempi saseMelika saqhubeka sikhula. Abantu baseMelika bahlangana ndawonye ngezinombolo zokuqopha umhlangano weWorld Trade Organisation eSeattle ngo-1999, uphawu lokuthi ubu-radicalism abufanga eMelika.
Esahlukweni sokugcina sencwadi, uZinn ukhuluma “ngempi yokwesaba,” lapho uhulumeni athumela khona amasosha eMiddle East, okuthiwa ayolwa namaphekula amaSulumane. UZinn uphetha ngokuthi, yize kusheshe kakhulu ukubona ukuthi ukusabela kweMelika empini yobuphekula kuzoba yini, abantu baseMelika kumele banqume ukuthi bame ohlangothini lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okuhle, noma uma besekela imperialism kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwezempi.
Impi Yombango ivame ukukhunjulwa njengomcimbi odale ukuthi uhulumeni wesifundazwe angenelele aqede ubugqila unomphela. Kepha empeleni, uhulumeni wobumbano wakwenza lokho kuphela ngoba wayephoqelelwe izizukulwane zabantu baseMelika ababedlubulundela ababevukela umbuso, bevukela izigqila, futhi besebenzisa ilungelo labo lokucela uhulumeni. Lapho uhulumeni ekugcineni ekhulula izigqila, wakwenza ngendlela eyanikeza abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ukusekelwa okuncane. Ngempela, eminyakeni eyalandela iMpi Yombango (isikhathi esaziwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha) uhulumeni wobumbano wanikeza ukuxhaswa kwezezimali nezempi kwabase-Afrika baseMelika eNingizimu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kuka-1876, uhulumeni wesifundazwe wahlehla ekusekeleni abantu base-Afrika baseMelika futhi esikhundleni salokho wazihlanganisa nezintshisekelo zabamabhizinisi baseNingizimu. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, uhulumeni wobumbano waba nesibindi ngokusebenzisana nebhizinisi; impela, yayisekela ukungenelela kwezempi, ikakhulukazi eLatin America, eyayenzelwe ukuqinisa ibhizinisi laseMelika.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uhulumeni waseMelika wathumela izakhamizi zakhe ezazimpofu kakhulu ukuba zife empini eyayingahlangene nakancane nazo. Iphinde yadlulisa uchungechunge lwemithetho evimbela izakhamizi ukuthi zikhulume ngokumelene nempi nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngempela, izishoshovu eziningi zeSocialist zangaleso sikhathi zaziboshelwe ukwethula ukusho okusobala — iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakuyimpi eyonakele, eyayibuswa ngabezizwe.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi — ukuxabana phakathi kweU.S. neU.S.S.R., omunye amandla amakhulu emhlabeni - uhulumeni waseU.S. Wazama ukwethusa abantu baseMelika ngokuxwayisa ngokuthathwa kwamaKhomanisi emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni uxhasile ukukhishwa kombuso kanye nobushiqela obunamaphiko okudla emhlabeni wonke, uvame ukususa abaholi bamaSocialist abakhethwe ngentando yeningi kulolu hlelo, ngaso sonke isikhathi benesicelo sokuvikela intando yeningi nokulwa nobuKhomanisi. Empeleni, i-Establishment ibizama ukuvikela izintshisekelo zayo zebhizinisi, iqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bomhlaba bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisana nezinhlangano zaseMelika.
Ngawo-1960s, iMelika yabhekana nokuthululwa kokukhungatheka okukhulu okuphuphile. Abantu balwela amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo ezitabane, ukuvikelwa kwezemvelo, ukuziphindisela kwabomdabu baseMelika, kanye nezinye izimbangela ezinqala zabaningi. Ezimweni eziningi, impendulo kahulumeni ezenzweni zabantu bakhe kwakungukusungula izinguquko ezinesizotha, ezingazange zibhekane nezimbangela zenkinga.
Ngawo-1970, 80s, kanye no-90s, ubu-radicalism babukeka buphela eMelika. Kodwa ikakhulukazi, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abezindaba bayeka ukubika ngemibhikisho ethandwayo. Khonamanjalo, uhulumeni waseMelika, yize ayehla enyuka phakathi kwabaholi beRiphabhulikhi kanye neDemokhrasi, waqinisa uhlelo lwezombusazwe olungaguquguquki, lapho inhlalakahle yehliswa futhi isabelomali samasosha sanda. Ngisho nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, isabelomali sezempi saseMelika saqhubeka sikhula. Abantu baseMelika bahlangana ndawonye ngezinombolo zokuqopha umhlangano weWorld Trade Organisation eSeattle ngo-1999, uphawu lokuthi ubu-radicalism abufanga eMelika.
Esahlukweni sokugcina sencwadi, uZinn ukhuluma “ngempi yokwesaba,” lapho uhulumeni athumela khona amasosha eMiddle East, okuthiwa ayolwa namaphekula amaSulumane. UZinn uphetha ngokuthi, yize kusheshe kakhulu ukubona ukuthi ukusabela kweMelika empini yobuphekula kuzoba yini, abantu baseMelika kumele banqume ukuthi bame ohlangothini lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okuhle, noma uma besekela imperialism kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwezempi.
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