Immune system

Beerass

Iqukethe izikhangiso

Mayelana nalolu hlelo lokusebenza

Amasosha omzimba ayisimiso somzimba sokumelana nokuhlaselwa yizinto zangaphandle ezichayeka emizimbeni yethu. Lezi zinto zangaphandle zingavela ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi komzimba ngokwawo. Izibonelo zezinto zangaphandle ezivela ngaphandle komzimba (exogenous) amagciwane, amagciwane, izimuncagazi, isikhunta, uthuli, nempova. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinto zangaphandle ezivela ngaphakathi emzimbeni zingaba sesimweni samangqamuzana afile noma amaseli ashintsha ukuma nokusebenza kwawo. Lezi zinto zangaphandle zibizwa ngokuthi ama-immunogens noma ama-antigen.

Uma i-immunogen ivezwa emzimbeni wethu, umzimba wethu uzophendula ngokwenza impendulo yokuzivikela emasosha omzimba. Amasosha omzimba ayisimiso sokuzivikela esizuzisayo, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile singadala izimo ezimbi.

Ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezi-2, okuyisigaba sokuphendula somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni kanye nesigaba sokuphendula sokuzivikela komzimba. Impendulo yemvelo yokuzivikela komzimba izokwenzeka ekuqaleni kokuchayeka kuma-immunogens emzimbeni wethu. Uma lesi simiso sokuzivikela semvelo singavikela umzimba ekuhlaselweni kwe-immunogen, khona-ke ngeke sihlupheke ngokugula (isigaba sokuqala). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amasosha omzimba emvelo engakwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni kwe-immunogen, khona-ke sizogula / sitheleleke (isigaba sesibili).

Amangqamuzana omzimba asebenza kumasosha omzimba (amangqamuzana amasosha omzimba) ayiqembu lamaseli amhlophe egazi (leukocyte). Ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo, amaseli e-leukocyte ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2. Iqembu lokuqala lidlala indima esimisweni sokuzivikela semvelo, okuhlanganisa amangqamuzana e-macrophage, amangqamuzana e-neutrophil, amangqamuzana e-eosinophil, namaseli e-dendritic; ebizwa ngokuthi ama-APC cells (ama-antigen presenting cells). Amaseli e-APC angamaseli anomsebenzi wokuqaphela nokucubungula ama-immunogens, azonikezwa kamuva kumaseli adlala indima ekuphenduleni amasosha omzimba aguquguqukayo. Ngaphandle kwamaseli e-APC, kukhona amaseli e-NK (umbulali wemvelo) adlala indima ekuphenduleni komzimba wemvelo. Iqembu lesibili lamaseli amangqamuzana adlala indima ekuphenduleni amasosha omzimba, okungamaseli e-B lymphocyte (akhiqiza amasosha omzimba) kanye namaseli e-T lymphocyte adlala indima ekukhiqizeni ama-cytokines. Lawa ma-cytokines azokwenza kusebenze amangqamuzana adlala indima ethile esimisweni sokuzivikela ezifweni ukuze asebenze kakhulu ekuvikeleni umzimba ekuhlaselweni kwamagciwane ayingozi kakhulu, njengama-bacterium e-gram-negative, amagciwane egram-positive, namagciwane.