Ozone Treaties
500+
Okudawunilodiwe
Wonke umuntu
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I-Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) kanye ne-Montreal Protocol Yazo ngezinto ezigcwalisa i-Ozone Layer (1987) yizivumelwano zamazwe ezamukelwa ukubhekana nosongo olukhulu lwezemvelo lwesikhathi: ukutholakala komgodi ungqimba lwe-ozone.
Ungqimba lwe-ozone yisifunda sokugcotshwa kwe-ozone ephezulu kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 ngaphezu komhlaba uMhlaba. Isebenza njengesihlangu esingabonakali futhi iyasivikela, nakho konke okuphila emhlabeni, emisebeni eyingozi ye-ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni.
Maphakathi nawo-1980s, ososayensi bathola ukuncipha kwengqimba ye-ozone ngaphezulu kwe-Antarctica. Amakhemikhali ama-Manmade aqukethe ama-halogener ayezimiselelwa ukuba yimbangela eyinhloko yalokhu kulahleka kwe-ozone. Lawa makhemikhali, ahlangana njengezinto ze-ozone-depleting vitu (ODS), afaka ama-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ama-halons ne-methyl bromide. Zasetshenziswa ezinkulungwaneni zemikhiqizo engokoqobo, kusuka kuma-air conditioners, esiqandisini nasezintanjeni ze-aerosol, kumasolar asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza i-elekthronikhi, amagwebu okufakelwa, izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo, inhalers kanye nezicucu zezicathulo, kanye nama-fumigants ukubulala izinambuzane.
Njengoba ihlonishwe njengenye yezivumelwano eziphumelela kakhulu emlandweni, izivumelwano ze-ozone zihlanganisa wonke amazwe omhlaba, ngaphansi kohlaka olubanikeza ukufinyelela olwazini lwakamuva lwesayensi, lwezemvelo kanye nezobuchwepheshe lapho bezosekela khona izinqumo zabo. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengama-32 izinhlangano ezivumelana nezivumelwano ze-ozone zisebenze ngokubambisana nezwe lesayensi, izinhlangano ezizimele kanye nomphakathi ukuba ziqonde kangcono le nkinga futhi zisebenzise futhi zisebenzise izindlela zokuyixazulula. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungqimba lwe-ozone lusendleleni yokululama, kepha ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kwawo wonke amaqembu nabo bonke ababambe iqhaza kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi uyenziwa.
Izincwadi ezenziwa ngezivumelwano ze-ozone zenziwa ngesicelo soMhlangano Wezinhlangano eziya eMontreal Protocol emhlanganweni wazo wesibili, ngonyaka we-1990, futhi ziye zavuselelwa ngemuva komhlangano waminyaka yonke weZinhlangano kuya ku-Protocol (MOP) kanye neNgqungquthela yeminyaka emithathu ye AmaQembu Awabhekise kwiNgqungquthela (i-COP) kusukela lapho. Ziqukethe imibhalo yesivumelwano, njengoba ilungiswa futhi yaguqulwa eminyakeni edlule, kanye nazo zonke izinqumo ze-MOP ne-COP, kanye nezijobelelo ezifanele nemithetho yenqubo. Izincwadi zakha irekhodi lezenzo ezithathwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bawumthombo obalulekile wamaqembu ngokwawo, kanye nochwepheshe, izimboni, izinhlangano zohulumeni kanye namaqembu omphakathi azibandakanye kulo msebenzi obalulekile.
Ungqimba lwe-ozone yisifunda sokugcotshwa kwe-ozone ephezulu kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 ngaphezu komhlaba uMhlaba. Isebenza njengesihlangu esingabonakali futhi iyasivikela, nakho konke okuphila emhlabeni, emisebeni eyingozi ye-ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni.
Maphakathi nawo-1980s, ososayensi bathola ukuncipha kwengqimba ye-ozone ngaphezulu kwe-Antarctica. Amakhemikhali ama-Manmade aqukethe ama-halogener ayezimiselelwa ukuba yimbangela eyinhloko yalokhu kulahleka kwe-ozone. Lawa makhemikhali, ahlangana njengezinto ze-ozone-depleting vitu (ODS), afaka ama-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ama-halons ne-methyl bromide. Zasetshenziswa ezinkulungwaneni zemikhiqizo engokoqobo, kusuka kuma-air conditioners, esiqandisini nasezintanjeni ze-aerosol, kumasolar asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza i-elekthronikhi, amagwebu okufakelwa, izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo, inhalers kanye nezicucu zezicathulo, kanye nama-fumigants ukubulala izinambuzane.
Njengoba ihlonishwe njengenye yezivumelwano eziphumelela kakhulu emlandweni, izivumelwano ze-ozone zihlanganisa wonke amazwe omhlaba, ngaphansi kohlaka olubanikeza ukufinyelela olwazini lwakamuva lwesayensi, lwezemvelo kanye nezobuchwepheshe lapho bezosekela khona izinqumo zabo. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengama-32 izinhlangano ezivumelana nezivumelwano ze-ozone zisebenze ngokubambisana nezwe lesayensi, izinhlangano ezizimele kanye nomphakathi ukuba ziqonde kangcono le nkinga futhi zisebenzise futhi zisebenzise izindlela zokuyixazulula. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungqimba lwe-ozone lusendleleni yokululama, kepha ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kwawo wonke amaqembu nabo bonke ababambe iqhaza kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi uyenziwa.
Izincwadi ezenziwa ngezivumelwano ze-ozone zenziwa ngesicelo soMhlangano Wezinhlangano eziya eMontreal Protocol emhlanganweni wazo wesibili, ngonyaka we-1990, futhi ziye zavuselelwa ngemuva komhlangano waminyaka yonke weZinhlangano kuya ku-Protocol (MOP) kanye neNgqungquthela yeminyaka emithathu ye AmaQembu Awabhekise kwiNgqungquthela (i-COP) kusukela lapho. Ziqukethe imibhalo yesivumelwano, njengoba ilungiswa futhi yaguqulwa eminyakeni edlule, kanye nazo zonke izinqumo ze-MOP ne-COP, kanye nezijobelelo ezifanele nemithetho yenqubo. Izincwadi zakha irekhodi lezenzo ezithathwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bawumthombo obalulekile wamaqembu ngokwawo, kanye nochwepheshe, izimboni, izinhlangano zohulumeni kanye namaqembu omphakathi azibandakanye kulo msebenzi obalulekile.
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