Genetic Engineering Test Prep
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Mayelana nalolu hlelo lokusebenza
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Genetic Engineering Test Prep
Izici eziyinhloko zalesi APP:
• Ngokwenza imodi ungabona incazelo echaza impendulo efanele.
• Ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwesitayela ukuhlolwa okuhlekisayo kokuboniswa isikhathi
• Ikhono lokwenza ukuhlekwa okusheshayo ngokukhetha inombolo ye-MCQ.
• Ungakha iphrofayela yakho bese ubona umlando wakho womphumela ngokuchofoza okukodwa.
• Lolu hlelo luqukethe inombolo enkulu yombuzo obekiwe ohlanganisa yonke indawo yesilabhasi.
Ubunikazi bezakhi zofuzo, obizwa nangokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukuxhaphazwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuphathwa ngokuqondile kwezakhi zofuzo zenyama usebenzisa i-biotechnology. Iqoqo lobuchwepheshe elisetshenziselwa ukuguqula izakhi zamangqamuzana ezakhiwe, kufaka phakathi ukudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi nangaphansi kwemingcele yezinhlobo zokukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izinto ezithuthukisiwe noma ezintsha. I-DNA entsha itholakale ngokuhlukanisa nokukopisha izakhi zofuzo ezithandekayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-DNA eziphindaphindiwe noma ngokuhlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo i-DNA. Ukwakhiwa kuvame ukudala futhi kusetshenziselwe ukufaka le DNA emzimbeni wezilwane. I-molecule ye-DNA yokuqala ephindaphindiwe yenziwa nguPaul Berg ngo-1972 ngokuhlanganisa i-DNA emgodini we-monkey SV40 ne-lambda virus. Kanye nokufaka izakhi zofuzo, inqubo ingasetshenziselwa ukususa, noma "ukukhishwa", izakhi zofuzo. I-DNA entsha ingafakwa ngokungahleliwe, noma ihloselwe ingxenye ethile ye-genome.
Isakhi esakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo kubhekwa njengezakhi zofuzo (GM) futhi isitho esiphelele yisimo semvelo esisetshenziselwa ukuguqula izakhi (GMO). I-GMO yokuqala yayiyi-bacterium eyakhiwe uHerbert Boyer noStanley Cohen ngo-1973. URudolf Jaenisch wadala isilwane sokuqala se-GM lapho efaka i-DNA yangaphandle emgodini ngo-1974. Inkampani yokuqala yokugxila kwezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, i-Genentech, yasungulwa ngo-1976 futhi waqala ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni abantu. I-insulin yomuntu eyakhiwe nge-genetic yakhiqizwa ngo-1978 futhi amabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-insulin ayethengiswa ngezezimali ngo-1982. Ukudla okwenziwe ngegazi kudayiswe kusukela ngo-1994, lapho kukhishwa utamatisi we-Flavr Savr. I-Flavr Savr yenzelwe ukuthi ibe nokuphila kwesikhala eside, kepha izitshalo eziningi zamuva ze-GM ziguqulwa ukwandisa ukumelana nezinambuzane kanye nokubulala imithi. I-GloFish, i-GMO yokuqala eyakhiwe njengezilwane, yathengiswa e-United States ngoDisemba 2003. Ngo-2016 i-saumon eguquliwe nge-hormone yokukhula yayithengiswa.
Ubunikazi bezakhi zofuzo usetshenziswe emikhakheni eminingi kubandakanya ucwaningo, imithi, i-biotechnology yezimboni kanye nezolimo. Ku-GMO ucwaningo lusetshenziselwa ukutadisha umsebenzi wezakhi kanye nokukhuluma ngokulahlekelwa komsebenzi, inzuzo yokusebenza, ukulandelela nokuzama ukuhlola. Ngokuqothula izakhi zofuzo ezithintekayo ezimweni ezithile kungenzeka ukuthi zenze izilwane zezilwane eziphilayo izifo zabantu. Kanye nokukhiqiza ama-hormone, imishanguzo kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo zingakwazi ukuphulukisa izifo zofuzo ngokusebenzisa i-gene. Amasu afanayo asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa nawo angaba nezicelo zezimboni ezifana nokukhiqiza ama-enzyme wokuhlanza izingubo, ama-chees kanye neminye imikhiqizo.
Ukukhula kwezitshalo ezenziwe ngezentengiselwano ezithengiswa ngezohwebo kuhlinzekele inzuzo yomnotho kubalimi emazweni amaningi ahlukene, kodwa futhi kuye kwaba umthombo wenkinga enkulu ehambisana nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuye kwaba khona kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni, izivivinyo zokuqala zasendle zabhujiswa izishoshovu ezilwa no-GM. Nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kwesayensi ukuthi ukudla okwamanje okutholakala ezitshalweni ze-GM akubanga neze ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu kunokudla okuvamile, ukuphepha kokudla kwe-GM kuyisikhathazo esihamba phambili nabagxeki. Ukugeleza kwe-Gene, umthelela kumagciwane angewona okubhekiswe kuzo, ukulawulwa kokudla nokulungiswa kwempahla yempahla nakho kwaphakanyiswa njengezinkinga ezingenzeka. Lokhu kukukhathazeka kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni uhlaka lokulawula, oluqala ngo-1975. Lwenze isivumelwano somhlaba wonke, i-Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, eyamukelwa ngonyaka ka-2000. Amazwe ngabanye asethuthukile izinhlelo zabo zokulawula mayelana namaGGO, umehluko omkhulu kakhulu owenziwa phakathi kwe-USA neYurophu.
Izici eziyinhloko zalesi APP:
• Ngokwenza imodi ungabona incazelo echaza impendulo efanele.
• Ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwesitayela ukuhlolwa okuhlekisayo kokuboniswa isikhathi
• Ikhono lokwenza ukuhlekwa okusheshayo ngokukhetha inombolo ye-MCQ.
• Ungakha iphrofayela yakho bese ubona umlando wakho womphumela ngokuchofoza okukodwa.
• Lolu hlelo luqukethe inombolo enkulu yombuzo obekiwe ohlanganisa yonke indawo yesilabhasi.
Ubunikazi bezakhi zofuzo, obizwa nangokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukuxhaphazwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuphathwa ngokuqondile kwezakhi zofuzo zenyama usebenzisa i-biotechnology. Iqoqo lobuchwepheshe elisetshenziselwa ukuguqula izakhi zamangqamuzana ezakhiwe, kufaka phakathi ukudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi nangaphansi kwemingcele yezinhlobo zokukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izinto ezithuthukisiwe noma ezintsha. I-DNA entsha itholakale ngokuhlukanisa nokukopisha izakhi zofuzo ezithandekayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-DNA eziphindaphindiwe noma ngokuhlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo i-DNA. Ukwakhiwa kuvame ukudala futhi kusetshenziselwe ukufaka le DNA emzimbeni wezilwane. I-molecule ye-DNA yokuqala ephindaphindiwe yenziwa nguPaul Berg ngo-1972 ngokuhlanganisa i-DNA emgodini we-monkey SV40 ne-lambda virus. Kanye nokufaka izakhi zofuzo, inqubo ingasetshenziselwa ukususa, noma "ukukhishwa", izakhi zofuzo. I-DNA entsha ingafakwa ngokungahleliwe, noma ihloselwe ingxenye ethile ye-genome.
Isakhi esakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo kubhekwa njengezakhi zofuzo (GM) futhi isitho esiphelele yisimo semvelo esisetshenziselwa ukuguqula izakhi (GMO). I-GMO yokuqala yayiyi-bacterium eyakhiwe uHerbert Boyer noStanley Cohen ngo-1973. URudolf Jaenisch wadala isilwane sokuqala se-GM lapho efaka i-DNA yangaphandle emgodini ngo-1974. Inkampani yokuqala yokugxila kwezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, i-Genentech, yasungulwa ngo-1976 futhi waqala ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni abantu. I-insulin yomuntu eyakhiwe nge-genetic yakhiqizwa ngo-1978 futhi amabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-insulin ayethengiswa ngezezimali ngo-1982. Ukudla okwenziwe ngegazi kudayiswe kusukela ngo-1994, lapho kukhishwa utamatisi we-Flavr Savr. I-Flavr Savr yenzelwe ukuthi ibe nokuphila kwesikhala eside, kepha izitshalo eziningi zamuva ze-GM ziguqulwa ukwandisa ukumelana nezinambuzane kanye nokubulala imithi. I-GloFish, i-GMO yokuqala eyakhiwe njengezilwane, yathengiswa e-United States ngoDisemba 2003. Ngo-2016 i-saumon eguquliwe nge-hormone yokukhula yayithengiswa.
Ubunikazi bezakhi zofuzo usetshenziswe emikhakheni eminingi kubandakanya ucwaningo, imithi, i-biotechnology yezimboni kanye nezolimo. Ku-GMO ucwaningo lusetshenziselwa ukutadisha umsebenzi wezakhi kanye nokukhuluma ngokulahlekelwa komsebenzi, inzuzo yokusebenza, ukulandelela nokuzama ukuhlola. Ngokuqothula izakhi zofuzo ezithintekayo ezimweni ezithile kungenzeka ukuthi zenze izilwane zezilwane eziphilayo izifo zabantu. Kanye nokukhiqiza ama-hormone, imishanguzo kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo zingakwazi ukuphulukisa izifo zofuzo ngokusebenzisa i-gene. Amasu afanayo asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa nawo angaba nezicelo zezimboni ezifana nokukhiqiza ama-enzyme wokuhlanza izingubo, ama-chees kanye neminye imikhiqizo.
Ukukhula kwezitshalo ezenziwe ngezentengiselwano ezithengiswa ngezohwebo kuhlinzekele inzuzo yomnotho kubalimi emazweni amaningi ahlukene, kodwa futhi kuye kwaba umthombo wenkinga enkulu ehambisana nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuye kwaba khona kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni, izivivinyo zokuqala zasendle zabhujiswa izishoshovu ezilwa no-GM. Nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kwesayensi ukuthi ukudla okwamanje okutholakala ezitshalweni ze-GM akubanga neze ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu kunokudla okuvamile, ukuphepha kokudla kwe-GM kuyisikhathazo esihamba phambili nabagxeki. Ukugeleza kwe-Gene, umthelela kumagciwane angewona okubhekiswe kuzo, ukulawulwa kokudla nokulungiswa kwempahla yempahla nakho kwaphakanyiswa njengezinkinga ezingenzeka. Lokhu kukukhathazeka kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni uhlaka lokulawula, oluqala ngo-1975. Lwenze isivumelwano somhlaba wonke, i-Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, eyamukelwa ngonyaka ka-2000. Amazwe ngabanye asethuthukile izinhlelo zabo zokulawula mayelana namaGGO, umehluko omkhulu kakhulu owenziwa phakathi kwe-USA neYurophu.
Kubuyekezwe ngo-
Ukuphepha kuqala ngokuqonda ukuthi onjiniyela baqoqa futhi babelane kanjani ngedatha yakho. Ubumfihlo bedatha nezinqubo zokuphepha zingahluka kuye ngokusebenzisa kwakho, isifunda, nobudala. Unjiniyela unikeze lolu lwazi futhi angalubuyekeza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Yini entsha
Genetic Engineering Test Prep
Ukusekelwa kwe-app
Mayelana nonjiniyela
Rahat Rasheed
nupuit@gmail.com
135/8, Jonaki road, Mirpur
Dhaka 1216
Bangladesh
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