์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „368 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ โ… (English Classics368 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Liviusโ…  by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)

ยท ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 301~400 Book 68 ยท ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Theme Travel News Korea
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๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ (Discourses on Livy)(1531) : ์›์ œ๋Š” ํ‹ฐํˆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ 10๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๊ณ (Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy)๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1513๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ž๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก (The Prince)(1532)๋Š” 142์žฅ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‹ฐํˆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฐ์Šค(Tito Livio)์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ํ˜น์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์‚ฌ(Ab Urbe Condita Libri)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ด์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ท€์กฑ์ •, ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ •, ์ฐธ์ฃผ์ •, ๊ณผ๋‘์ •(ๅฏก้ ญๆ”ฟ), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์šฐ์ •(่ก†ๆ„šๆ”ฟ)์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ(ๆ”ฟๆฒป้ซ”ๅˆถ) ์ค‘์— ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”์ •์ด ์™œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ์ง€, ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์ œ๋„, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„, ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌธํ•™์—ฌํ–‰์„! B

ย 

I send you a gift, which if it answers ill the obligations I owe you, is at any rate the greatest which Niccolรฒ Machiavelli has it in his power to offer. For in it I have expressed whatever I have learned, or have observed for myself during a long experience and constant study of human affairs. And since neither you nor any other can expect more at my hands, you cannot complain if I have not given you more.

ย 

์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„ ๋นš์ด ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ, ํ˜น์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย 

You may indeed lament the poverty of my wit, since what I have to say is but poorly said; and tax the weakness of my judgment, which on many points may have erred in its conclusions. But granting all this, I know not which of us is less beholden to the other: I to you, who have forced me to write what of myself I never should have written; or you to me, who have written what can give you no content.

ย 

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ ์ง€ํ˜œ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ํ•œํƒ„ํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์€ ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ณ , ์ œ ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ์˜ ์•ฝํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๋‚œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‹ ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ, ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์“ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย 

Take this, however, in the spirit in which all that comes from a friend should be taken, in respect whereof we always look more to the intention of the giver than to the quality of the gift. And, believe me, that in one thing only I find satisfaction, namely, in knowing that while in many matters I may have made mistakes, at least I have not been mistaken in choosing you before all others as the persons to whom I dedicate these Discourses; both because I seem to myself, in doing so, to have shown a little gratitude for kindness received, and at the same time to have departed from the hackneyed custom which leads many authors to inscribe their works to some Prince, and blinded by hopes of favour or reward, to praise him as possessed of every virtue; whereas with more reason they might reproach him as contaminated with every shameful vice.

ย 

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”์น  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋ก ; ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ์นœ์ ˆ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์™•์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด; ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์•…๋•์œผ๋กœ ๋”๋ŸฝํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย 

To avoid which error I have chosen, not those who are but those who from their infinite merits deserve to be Princes; not such persons as have it in their power to load me with honours, wealth, and preferment, but such as though they lack the power, have all the will to do so. For men, if they would judge justly, should esteem those who are, and not those whose means enable them to be generous; and in like manner those who know how to govern kingdoms, rather than those who possess the government without such knowledge. For Historians award higher praise to Hiero of Syracuse when in a private station than to Perseus the Macedonian when a King affirming that while the former lacked nothing that a Prince should have save the name, the latter had nothing of the King but the kingdom.

ย 

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๊ณต๋•์œผ๋กœ ์™•์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์™€ ์žฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํŠนํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๋“ค์„ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์„ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์™•๊ตญ์„ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž๋“ค์„ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋ผ์ฟ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํžˆ์—๋กœ(Hiero of Syracuse)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ ์™• ํŽ˜๋ฅด์„ธ์šฐ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™•์ด ์™•์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‹œ๋ผ์ฟ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํžˆ์—๋กœ๋Š” ์™•๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย 

Make the most, therefore, of this good or this evil, as you may esteem it, which you have brought upon yourselves; and should you persist in the mistake of thinking my opinions worthy your attention, I shall not fail to proceed with the rest of the History in the manner promised in my Preface. Farewell.

ย 

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž์ดˆํ•œ ์ด ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ท€๋‹ด์•„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ œ ์„œ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋…•.




-๋ชฉ์ฐจ(Index)-

ํ”„๋กค๋กœ๊ทธ(Prologue). ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ ์„ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ 

์กฐ๋ช…ํ™” ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ์˜ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)

01. ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž ๊ฒธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€(1469~1527)

02. ์ „์ˆ ๋ก (Art of War)(1521)

03. ํฌ๊ณก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ผ ๊ณจ๋ผ(La Mandragola, The Mandrake)(1524)

04. ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ (Discourses on Livy)(1531)

05. ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก (The Prince)(1532)

06. ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์‚ฌ(Istorie Fiorentine)(1532)

07. ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ 3๋Œ€ ์ €์ž‘

08. ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์†Œ

09. ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ(Audio Books)์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)

10. ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)์˜ ์–ด๋ก(Quotes)(30)

๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ โ… (Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Liviusโ…  by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)(1531)

Niccol Machiavelli To Zanobi Buondelmonti And Cosimo Rucellai Health.

BOOK I.

Preface

I. Of the beginnings of Cities in general, and in particular of that of Rome

II. Of the various kinds of Government; and to which of them the Roman Commonwealth belonged

III. Of the accidents which led in Rome to the creation of Tribunes of the People, whereby the Republic was made more perfect

IV. That the dissensions between the Senate and Commons of Rome made Rome free and powerful

V. Whether the guardianship of public freedom is safer in the hands of the Commons or of the Nobles; and whether those who seek to acquire power, or they who seek to maintain it, are the greater cause of commotions

VI. Whether it was possible in Rome to contrive such a Government as would have composed the differences between the Commons and the Senate

VII. That to preserve liberty in a State, there must exist the right to accuse

VIII. That calumny is as hurtful in a Commonwealth as the power to accuse is useful

IX. That to give new institutions to a Commonwealth, or to reconstruct old institutions on an entirely new basis, must be the work of one Man

X. That in proportion as the founder of a Kingdom or Commonwealth merits praise, he who founds a Tyranny deserves blame

XI. Of the Religion of the Romans

XII. That it is of much moment to make account of Religion; and that Italy, through the Roman Church, being wanting therein, has been ruined

XIII. Of the use the Romans made of Religion in giving institutions to their City; in carrying out their enterprises; and in quelling tumults

XIV. That the Romans interpreted the auspices to meet the occasion; and made a prudent show of observing the rites of Religion even when forced to disregard them; and any who rashly slighted Religion they punished

XV. How the Samnites, as a last resource in their broken fortunes, had recourse to Religion

XVI. That a People accustomed to live under a Prince, if by any accident it become free, can hardly preserve that freedom

XVII. That a corrupt People obtaining freedom can hardly preserve it

XVIII. How a free Government existing in a corrupt City may be preserved, or not existing may be created

XIX. After a strong Prince a weak Prince may maintain himself: but after one weak Prince no Kingdom can stand a second

XX. That the consecutive reigns of two valiant Princes produce great results: and that well-ordered Commonwealths are assured of a succession of valiant Rulers by whom their power and growth are rapidly extended

XXI. That it is a great reproach to a Prince or to a Commonwealth to be without a National Army

XXII. What is to be noted in the combat of the three Roman Horatii and the three Alban Curiatii

XXIII. That we should never hazard our whole fortunes, where we put not forth our entire strength; for which reason to guard a defile is often hurtful

XXIV. That well-ordered States always provide rewards and punishments for their Citizens; and never set off deserts against misdeeds

XXV. That he who would reform the institutions of a free State, must retain at least the semblance of old ways

XXVI. That a new Prince in a city or province of which he has taken possession, ought to make everything new

XXVII. That Men seldom know how to be wholly good or wholly bad

XXVIII. Whence it came that the Romans were less ungrateful to their citizens than were the Athenians

XXIX. Whether a People or a Prince is the more ungrateful

XXX. How Princes and Commonwealths may avoid the vice of ingratitude; and how a Captain or Citizen may escape being undone by it

XXXI. That the Roman Captains were never punished with extreme severity for misconduct; and where loss resulted to the Republic merely through their ignorance or want of judgment, were not punished at all

XXXII. That a Prince or Commonwealth should not defer benefits until they are forced to yield them

XXXIII. When a mischief has grown up in, or against a State, it is safer to temporize with it than to meet it with violence

XXXIV. That the authority of the Dictator did good and not harm to the Roman Republic; and that it is, not those powers which are given by the free suffrages of the People, but those which ambitious Citizens usurp for themselves that are pernicious to a State

XXXV. Why the creation of the Decemvirate in Rome, although brought about by the free and open suffrage of the Citizens, was hurtful to the liberties of that Republic

XXXVI. That Citizens who have held the higher offices of a Commonwealth should not disdain the lower

XXXVII. Of the mischief bred in Rome by the Agrarian Law: and how it is a great source of disorder in a Commonwealth to pass a law opposed to ancient usage with stringent retrospective effect

XXXVIII. That weak Republics are irresolute and undecided; and that the course they may take depends more on Necessity than Choice

XXXIX. That often the same accidents are seen to befall different Nations

XL. Of the creation of the Decemvirate in Rome, and what therein is to be noted. Wherein among other matters it is shown how the same causes may lead to the safety or to the ruin of a Commonwealth

XLI. That it is unwise to pass at a bound from leniency to severity, or to a haughty bearing from a humble

XLII. How easily men become corrupted

XLIII. That men fighting in their own cause make good and resolute Soldiers

XLIV. That the Multitude is helpless without a head: and that we should not with the same breath threaten and ask leave

XLV. That it is of evil example, especially in the maker of a law, not to observe the law when made: and that daily to renew acts of severity in a City is most hurtful to the Governor

XLVI. That men climb from one step of ambition to another, seeking at first to escape injury, and then to injure others

XLVII. That though men deceive themselves in generalities, in particulars they judge truly

XLVIII. He who would not have an office bestowed on some worthless or wicked person, should contrive that it be solicited by one who is utterly worthless and wicked, or else by one who is in the highest degree noble and good

XLIX. That if Cities which, like Rome, had their beginning in freedom, have had difficulty in framing such laws as would preserve their freedom, Cities which at the first have been in subjection will find this almost impossible

L. That neither any Council nor any Magistrate should have power to bring the Government of a City to a stay

LI. What a Prince or Republic does of necessity, should seem to be done by choice

LII. That to check the arrogance of a Citizen who is growing too powerful in a State, there is no safer method, nor less open to objection, than to forestall him in those ways whereby he seeks to advance himself

LIII. That the People, deceived by a false show of advantage, often desire what would be their ruin; and that large hopes and brave promises easily move them

LIV. Of the boundless authority which a great man may use to restrain an excited Multitude

LV. That the Government is easily carried on in a City wherein the body of the People is not corrupted: and that a Princedom is impossible where equality prevails, and a Republic where it does not

LVI. That when great calamities are about to befall a City or Country, signs are seen to presage, and seers arise who foretell them

LVII. That the People are strong collectively, but individually weak

LVIII. That a People is wiser and more constant than a Prince

LIX. To what Leagues or Alliances we may most trust, whether those we make with Commonwealths or those we make with Princes

LX. That the Consulship and all the other Magistracies in Rome were given without respect to Age

๋ถ€๋ก(Appendix). ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ์น˜ํ•˜์ด์ปค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์„œ(The Hitchhikerโ€™s Guide to Worldsโ€™s Classics)

A01. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์„œ์ (Harvard Book Store) ์ง์› ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋„์„œ 100์„ (Staffโ€™s Favorite 100 Books) & ํŒ๋งค๋„์„œ 100์œ„(Top 100 Books)

A02. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100

A03. ์—ฐ์„ธํ•„๋…๋„์„œ ๊ณ ์ „ 200์„ 

A04. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์„ธ์ข…์บ ํผ์Šค ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100์„ 

A05. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€, ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€, ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 60๊ถŒ

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A07. ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋งˆ๋‹ˆํƒ€์Šค ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€(Humanitas College) ๊ต์–‘ํ•„๋…์„œ 100์„ 

A08. ํฌ์Šคํ…(ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€) ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100์„ 

A09. ์นด์ด์ŠคํŠธ(KAIST) ๋…์„œ๋งˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ œ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋„์„œ 100๊ถŒ

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A11. ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(How to listen to FREE audio Books legally?)

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ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ 

ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ๋„์„œ๋ชฉ๋ก(1,235)




ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ 

ย 

ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ „ ๋ช…์ž‘ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒธ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์—„์„ ํ•ด ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics)๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ(free public domain audioBooks) ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋ณต์Šค(LibriVox) ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์„œ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฒจ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์กฐ๋ช…ํ™” ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ์˜ โ€˜OO๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€ & ์ž‘ํ’ˆโ€™ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์—๋„ ๋ณ€์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „๊ฑธ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์ œ๋„, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„, ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ธฐํ–‰์„! B

ย 

ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค ์ฝœ๋ ‰์…˜(Fyodor Dostoyevsky Collection)(12)

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „053 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์ฃ„์™€ ๋ฒŒ

English Classics053 Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „057 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์นด๋ผ๋งˆ์กฐํ”„๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค

English Classics057 The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „354 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ

English Classics354 Notes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „355 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์น˜

English Classics355 The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „356 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์•…๋ น

English Classics356 The Possessed(The Devils) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „357 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค ๋‹จํŽธ์ง‘

English Classics357 Short Stories by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „358 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์•ผ

English Classics358 White Nights and Other Stories by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „359 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฆ„๊พผ

English Classics359 The Gambler by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „360 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ง‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก; ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ธฐ

English Classics360 The House of the Dead; or, Prison Life in Siberia by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „361 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค

English Classics361 Poor Folk by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „362 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์Šคํƒ€๋ธŒ๋กœ๊ธด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ

English Classics362 Stavrogin's Confession and The Plan of The Life of a Great Sinner by Dostoyevsky

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „363 ํ‘œ๋„๋ฅด ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์•„์ €์”จ์˜ ๊ฟˆ & ์˜์›ํ•œ ๋‚จํŽธ

English Classics363 Uncle's Dream; and The Permanent Husband by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

ย 

๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•์ œ ์ฝœ๋ ‰์…˜(Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm Collection)(04)

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „029 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•์ œ ๋™ํ™”์ง‘

English Classics029 Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „364 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•์ œ ๋ฏผ๋‹ด์ง‘โ… 

English Classics364 Household Talesโ…  by Brothers Grimm by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „365 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•์ œ ๋ฏผ๋‹ด์ง‘โ…ก

English Classics365 Household Talesโ…ก by Brothers Grimm by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „366 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•์ œ์˜ ์Šค๋…ธ๋“œ๋กญ

English Classics366 Snowdrop & Other Tales by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

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๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ ์ฝœ๋ ‰์…˜(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli Collection)(04)

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „025 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก 

English Classics025 The Prince by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „367 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์‚ฌ

English Classics367 History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „368 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ โ… 

English Classics368 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Liviusโ…  by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „369 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ โ…ก

English Classics369 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Liviusโ…ก by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „370 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ๊ณ โ…ข

English Classics370 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Liviusโ…ข by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „371 ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์ˆ ๋ก 

English Classics371 The Art of War by Niccolรฒ Machiavelli

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ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Theme Travel News Korea๋Š” 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ 1,000์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์…”(Digital Contents Publisher)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ถ ์›์ฝ”์Šค(1 Course), ํฌํ† ์—์„ธ์ด ์›๋”ํ’€(Onederful), ์—ฌํ–‰์—์„ธ์ด ๋ณ„ ํ—ค๋Š” ๋ฐค(Counting the Stars at Night) ๋“ฑ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฌธ ๊ต์–‘์„œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ(Knowledgeโ€™s Ark)์™€ ็Ÿฅ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋ธ”(Bible of Knowledge), ์‹ค์šฉ์„œ ์›์ƒท(1 Shot)๊ณผ IT๋กœ์ผ“(IT Rocket) ๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ  & ์ตœ๋‹ค ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์…” ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea(๋ฐฉ์†ก๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค์ƒ 2017 โ€˜์ตœ๋‹ค ์ถœ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆโ€™ ์ˆ˜์ƒ)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์ œ๋„, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„, ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„!

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๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)

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ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž ๊ฒธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€(1469~1527) : ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋”” ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋ฐ์ด ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ di Bernardo dei Machiavelli), ์ผ๋ช… ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)๋Š” ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์ด์ž ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋กœ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก (The Prince)(1532)์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž ๊ฒธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1469๋…„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋”” ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Bernardo di Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)์™€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ†จ๋กœ๋ฉ”์•„ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋…ธ ๋„ฌ๋ฆฌ(Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli)์˜ ์…‹์งธ์ด์ž ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ โ€˜๊ฝƒ์˜ ๋„์‹œโ€™ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ€˜ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณง ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๊ณผ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ •๋„๋กœ, ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฐฑ์ผ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ฝƒ์€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ•! ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€๋Š” 1492๋…„ โ€˜์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆโ€™๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜(Lorenzo de' Medici)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1494๋…„ ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚จ ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ๋”” ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜์— ์‹ค๋งํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ œ โ€˜๋ฉ”๋””์น˜์˜ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒดโ€™๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, โ€˜ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ(Florentine Republic)โ€™์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ž ์‹œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋„์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‚˜๋กค๋ผ(Girolamo Savonarola)๊ฐ€ 1498๋…„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์— ์ด์€ ํ™”ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ˜•์‹์ด ๊ฑฐํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง„ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ(Florentine Republic)์˜ ์ œ2์„œ๊ธฐ๊ด€(Second Chancery)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1512๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด์ • ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์„ ๋ˆ„๋น„๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ํ›—๋‚  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ˆ ๋ก (Art of War)(1521), ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก (The Prince)(1532) ๋“ฑ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ํ•„๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž์–‘๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1509๋…„ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ƒค๋ฅผ 8์„ธ(Charles VIII)๊ฐ€ ์ ๋ นํ•œ ํ”ผ์‚ฌ(Pisa)๋ฅผ, ์ˆ˜๋…„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜๊ด‘์€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3๋…„ ํ›„ 1512๋…„ ๊ตํ™ฉ ์œจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 2์„ธ(Pope Julius II)์˜ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐํžˆ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์—๋Š” ์•…๋ž„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜! ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋”” ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜(Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici)๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜ ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ตํ™ฉ, ๊ตํ™ฉ ๋ ˆ์˜ค 10์„ธ(Papa Leone X)๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค, ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ง์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€๋Š” ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์ €ํƒ์—์„œ ์นฉ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๊ณ , ํ›„๋Œ€์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ์ €์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ธ์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์˜์›ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒดไบบ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli) : ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— โ€˜ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์ธโ€™์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ž˜ ๋‚จ์•„ ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์‚ฌ(Istorie Fiorentine)(1532)๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ™” ๋ƒ‰์ •๊ณผ ์—ด์ • ์‚ฌ์ด(Between Calm and Passion)(2001)์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธํ•™๊ธฐํ–‰์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” โ€˜๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์‹œโ€™์ด์ž โ€˜๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅโ€™์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์†์ƒ‰์ด ์—†์ง€์š”! ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋‡จ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ถ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค์˜ค๊ถ(Palazzo Vecchio)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‡จ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ”์ ์€ ๊ถ๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‡จ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ด‘์žฅ(Piazza della Signoria)์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฏค ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์‹œ๊ณ„ํƒ‘ ๊ด‘์žฅโ€™์ด์ฃ !

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๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋ผ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Villa Machiavelli) : ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๊ณตํ™”์ • ์ œ2์„œ๊ธฐ๊ด€(1498~1512)์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Niccolรฒ Machiavelli)๋Š” ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ์•„๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ฐ•(Arno) ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์ง‘์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์–ธ๋• ์œ„์˜ ์ €ํƒ ๋นŒ๋ผ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(Villa Machiavelli)์—์„œ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋ฉฐ, ํ›—๋‚  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ์ž‘์„ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์— ํฌ๋„์ฃผ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํ† ์Šค์นด๋‚˜ ์Œ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘.

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์‚ฐํƒ€ ํฌ๋กœ์ฒด ์„ฑ๋‹น(Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence) : ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1527๋…„, 58์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์‚ฐํƒ€ ํฌ๋กœ์ฒด ์„ฑ๋‹น(Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence)์—์„œ ์˜๋ฉด์— ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํƒ€ ํฌ๋กœ์ฒด ์„ฑ๋‹น์€ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž ๋“  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ ค ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค, ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ, ๋‹จํ…Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌ˜๋น„๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. TANTO NOMINI NULLUM PAR ELOGIUM ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋„ ์ดํ† ๋ก ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฆฌ์˜ค.

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