์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „896 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••โ…ก 1894(English Classics896 The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America by W. E. B. Du Bois)

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โ–ถ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••(The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America by W. E. B. Du Bois)(1894)์€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)(1868~1963)๊ฐ€ ์œŒ๋ฒ„ํฌ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Wilberforce University)์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Harvard University) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ(Ph.D)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌโ€™(the first African-American to earn a Ph.D from Harvard)๋ž€ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ทจ์ด์ž, ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„์ ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ 12์žฅ๊ณผ 96๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ก(Appendices)๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค(Index)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ ๋ฌด๋ ค 73๋งŒ์ž์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„, ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ ํ์ง€๋ก ์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋…์„ ๊ถŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚˜์ €๋‚˜ 2๋“ฑ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ์ง€ ๋ฌธ๋“ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€๋„ค์š”. ์„ธ์ƒ์€ 1๋“ฑ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒโ€ฆโ€ฆ. ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์ œ๋„, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„, ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌธํ•™์—ฌํ–‰์„! B

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โ–ถ Preface. This monograph was begun during my residence as Rogers Memorial Fellow at Harvard University, and is based mainly upon a study of the sources, i.e., national, State, and colonial statutes, Congressional documents, reports of societies, personal narratives, etc. The collection of laws available for this research was, I think, nearly complete; on the other hand, facts and statistics bearing on the economic side of the study have been difficult to find, and my conclusions are consequently liable to modification from this source.

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โ–ท ์„œ๋ฌธ. ์ด ๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Harvard University)์—์„œ ๋กœ์ €์Šค ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ํŽ ๋กœ์šฐ(Rogers Memorial Fellow)๋กœ ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋ฒ•๋ น, ์˜ํšŒ ๋ฌธ์„œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„œ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์ด ์ถœ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ The question of the suppression of the slave-trade is so intimately connected with the questions as to its rise, the system of American slavery, and the whole colonial policy of the eighteenth century, that it is difficult to isolate it, and at the same time to avoid superficiality on the one hand, and unscientific narrowness of view on the other. While I could not hope entirely to overcome such a difficulty, I nevertheless trust that I have succeeded in rendering this monograph a small contribution to the scientific study of slavery and the American Negro.

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โ–ท ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ์ œ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  18์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ์•ผ์˜ ํŽธํ˜‘ํ•จ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ‘์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ I desire to express my obligation to Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, of Harvard University, at whose suggestion I began this work and by whose kind aid and encouragement I have brought it to a close; also I have to thank the trustees of the John F. Slater Fund, whose appointment made it possible to test the conclusions of this study by the general principles laid down in German universities. W.E. BURGHARDT Du BOIS. Wilberforce University, March, 1896.

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โ–ท ์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ถ€์Šˆ๋„ฌ ํ•˜ํŠธ(Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์›์กฐ์™€ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด F. ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹ ํƒ(John F. Slater Fund) ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ํŽ€๋“œ์˜ ์ž„๋ช…์€ ๋…์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค. ์œŒ๋ฒ„ํฌ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™, 1896๋…„ 3์›”.

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โ–ถ 55. The Act of 1807. The first great goal of anti-slavery effort in the United States had been, since the Revolution, the suppression of the slave-trade by national law. It would hardly be too much to say that the Haytian revolution, in addition to its influence in the years from 1791 to 1806, was one of the main causes that rendered the accomplishment of this aim possible at the earliest constitutional moment. To the great influence of the fears of the South was added the failure of the French designs on Louisiana, of which Toussaint L'Ouverture was the most probable cause.

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โ–ท 55. 1807๋…„ ๋ฒ•(The Act of 1807). ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค์ดํ‹ฐ ํ˜๋ช…(the Haytian revolution)์€ 1791๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1806๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด๋ฅธ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๊ณผ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ƒ ๋ฃจ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€๋ฅด(Toussaint L'Ouverture)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ The cession of Louisiana in 1803 challenged and aroused the North on the slavery question again; put the Carolina and Georgia slave-traders in the saddle, to the dismay of the Border States; and brought the whole slave-trade question vividly before the public conscience. Another scarcely less potent influence was, naturally, the great anti-slavery movement in England, which after a mighty struggle of eighteen years was about to gain its first victory in the British Act of 1807.

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โ–ท 1803๋…„ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์˜ ์–‘๋„๋Š” ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์™€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ์žฅ์— ์•‰ํ˜€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ ์•ž์— ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ 18๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ํˆฌ์Ÿ ๋์— 1807๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋˜ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.




-๋ชฉ์ฐจ(Index)-

โ–ถ ํ”„๋กค๋กœ๊ทธ(Prologue). ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ ์„ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ 

โ–ถ 12๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)(1868~1963)

01. ๋ง์ปจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น(President Lincoln)์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์„ ์–ธ(Emancipation Proclamation) ์ˆ˜์ •ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ13์กฐ(13th Amendment)(1863)

02. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ(Ph. D)(1868~1963)

03. ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ(The Souls of Black Folk)(1903)

04. ๋ถ€์ปค T. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด(Booker T. Washington)(1856~1915)์˜ ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์•ˆ(Atlanta Compromise) VS ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ผ ์šด๋™(Niagara Movement)

05. ์ „๋ฏธ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ์ง€์œ„ํ–ฅ์ƒํ˜‘ํšŒ(ๅ…จ็พŽ้ป‘ไบบๅœฐไฝๅ‘ไธŠๅ”ๆœƒ, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP)(1909)

06. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋‹ค(1963)

07. ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Martin Luther King, Jr.)์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(I have a Dream)(1963)

08. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์šฐ์ •์ฒญ(USPS) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํ—ค๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(Black Heritage Stamp Series) ๊ธฐ๋…์šฐํ‘œ(1992, 1998)

09. 100๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ(100 Greatest African Americans) ์„ ์ •(2002)

10. ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” 7๊ณณ

11. ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ(Audio Books)์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)

12. ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois) ์–ด๋ก(Quotes)(55)

โ–ถ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••โ…ก(The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America by W. E. B. Du Bois)(1894)

Preface

โ–ท CHAPTER VIII. The Period of Attempted Suppression, 1807โ€“1825

55. The Act of 1807

56. The First Question: How shall illegally imported Africans be disposed of?

57. The Second Question: How shall Violations be punished?

58. The Third Question: How shall the Interstate Coastwise Slave-Trade be protected?

59. Legislative History of the Bill

60. Enforcement of the Act

61. Evidence of the Continuance of the Trade

62. Apathy of the Federal Government

63. Typical Cases

64. The Supplementary Acts, 1818โ€“1820

65. Enforcement of the Supplementary Acts,1818โ€“1825

โ–ท CHAPTER IX. The International Status of the Slave-Trade, 1783โ€“1862

66. The Rise of the Movement against the Slave-Trade,1788โ€“1807

67. Concerted Action of the Powers, 1783โ€“1814

68. Action of the Powers from 1814 to 1820

69. The Struggle for an International Right of Search, 1820โ€“1840

70. Negotiations of 1823โ€“1825

71. The Attitude of the United States and the State of the Slave-Trade

72. The Quintuple Treaty, 1839โ€“1842

73. Final Concerted Measures, 1842โ€“1862

โ–ท CHAPTER X. The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom, 1820โ€“1850

74. The Economic Revolution

75. The Attitude of the South

76. The Attitude of the North and Congress

77. Imperfect Application of the Laws

78. Responsibility of the Government

79. Activity of the Slave-Trade,1820โ€“1850

โ–ท CHAPTER XI. The Final Crisis, 1850โ€“1870

80. The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws

81. Commercial Conventions of 1855โ€“1856

82. Commercial Conventions of 1857โ€“1858

83. Commercial Convention of 1859

84. Public Opinion in the South

85. The Question in Congress

86. Southern Policy in 1860

87. Increase of the Slave-Trade from 1850 to 1860

88. Notorious Infractions of the Laws

89. Apathy of the Federal Government

90. Attitude of the Southern Confederacy

91. Attitude of the United States

โ–ท CHAPTER XII. The Essentials in the Struggle

92. How the Question Arose

93. The Moral Movement

94. The Political Movement

95. The Economic Movement

96. The Lesson for Americans

โ–ท APPENDICES

A. A Chronological Conspectus of Colonial and State Legislation restricting the African Slave-Trade, 1641โ€“1787

B. A Chronological Conspectus of State, National, and International Legislation, 1788โ€“1871

C. Typical Cases of Vessels engaged in the American Slave-Trade, 1619โ€“1864

D. Bibliography

โ–ท INDEX

โ–ถ ๋ถ€๋ก(Appendix). ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ์น˜ํ•˜์ด์ปค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์„œ(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds's Classics)

A01. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์„œ์ (Harvard Book Store) ์ง์› ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋„์„œ 100์„ (Staff's Favorite 100 Books) & ํŒ๋งค๋„์„œ 100์œ„(Top 100 Books)

A02. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€(Seoul University) ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100

A03. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€(Yonsei University) ํ•„๋…๋„์„œ ๊ณ ์ „ 200์„ 

A04. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€(Korea University) ์„ธ์ข…์บ ํผ์Šค ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100์„ 

A05. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ยท์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ยท๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€(SKY University) ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 60๊ถŒ

A06. ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€๋Œ€(Sungkyunkwan University) ์˜ค๊ฑฐ์„œ(ไบ”่ปŠๆ›ธ) ์„ฑ๊ท  ๊ณ ์ „ 100์„ 

A07. ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€(Kyung Hee University) ํ›„๋งˆ๋‹ˆํƒ€์Šค ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€(Humanitas College) ๊ต์–‘ํ•„๋…์„œ 100์„ 

A08. ํฌ์Šคํ…(ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€)(POSTECH) ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋„์„œ 100์„ 

A09. ์นด์ด์ŠคํŠธ(KAIST) ๋…์„œ๋งˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ œ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋„์„œ 100๊ถŒ

A10. ๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ(Literary Awards) ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋„์„œ(44)

A11. ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ถ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(How to listen to FREE audio Books legally?)

A12. ์˜ํ™”ยท๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(Movies and TV Shows Based on English Classic Books)

โ–ถ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ 

โ–ถ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ๋„์„œ๋ชฉ๋ก(1,739)




โ–ถ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์—ฌํ–‰์‹ ๋ฌธ TTN Korea ์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „(English Classics) 999์„ 

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โ–ถ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜(W. E. B. Du Bois Collection)(11๋ถ€์ž‘)

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „034 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ

English Classics034 The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „895 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••โ…  1894

English Classics895 The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „896 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ์–ต์••โ…ก 1894

English Classics896 The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „897 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ๋ณด์กด 1897

English Classics897 The Conservation of Races by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „898 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์™€ ๋ถ€์ปค T. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‘์ธ 1907

English Classics898 The Negro in the South by W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „899 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ์กด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด 1909

English Classics899 John Brown by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „900 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ์†Œ์„ค: ์€์–‘ํ„ธ์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ 1911

English Classics900 The Quest of the Silver Fleece: A Novel by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „901 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง„ํ™” 1911

English Classics901 The social evolution of the Black South by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „902 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋กœ 1915

English Classics902 The Negro by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „903 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ๋‹คํฌ์›Œํ„ฐ: ์žฅ๋ง‰ ์†์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ 1920

English Classics903 Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil by W. E. B. Du Bois

์˜์–ด๊ณ ์ „904 ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๋ฏผ์†์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์ž๋“ค 1924

English Classics904 The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America by W. E. B. Du Bois

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Om forfatteren

โ–ถ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)(1868~1963)

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โ–ถ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ(Ph. D)(1868~1963) : ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ํŠธ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ์ฃผ(The Commonwealth of Massachusetts)์—์„œ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์•จํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(Alfred Du Bois)์™€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ์‹ค๋น„๋‚˜(Mary Silvina Burghardt) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋– ๋‚œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐฐ๋งํ„ด(Great Barrington)์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต(Searles High School)๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํšŒ Church of Great Barrington์—์„œ ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ์Šคํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™(Fisk University)์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€(University of Harvard)์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ท ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€์—์„œ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ๋…์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™(University of Berlin)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ด ํ›„ ํˆฌ์Šคํ‚ค์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(Tuskegee Institute;), ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™(University of Pennsylvania) ์กฐ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™(Atlanta University) ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ โ€˜ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฒ ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ(1895)โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ์ง€์‹์ธ ๊ฒธ ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ ํ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์ฒด ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ์ด์ž ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ ์‹œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ โ€˜์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€โ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ โ€œThe equality in political, industrial and social life which modern men must have in order to live, is not to be confounded with sameness. On the contrary, in our case, it is rather insistence upon the right of diversity; - upon the right of a human being to be a man even if he does not wear the same cut of vest, the same curl of hair or the same color of skin. Human equality does not even entail, as it is sometimes said, absolute equality of opportunity.โ€ โ–ท โ€œํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•  ์ •์น˜, ์‚ฐ์—…, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋น„๋ก ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๋ผ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณฑ์Šฌ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ‰๋“ฑ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

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โ–ถ ์ „๋ฏธ ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(ๅ…จ็พŽ้ป‘ไบบๅœฐไฝๅ‘ไธŠๅ”ๆœƒ, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP)(1909) : ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)๋Š” ์ฐฐ์Šค E. ๋Ÿฌ์…€(Charles Edward Russell)(1860~1941), ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์˜ค๋น™ํ„ด(Mary White Ovington)(1865~1951), ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ E. ์›”๋ง(William English Walling)(1877~1936)๊ณผ ์กฐ์—˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค ์Šคํ•‘๊ฐ„(Joel Elias Spingarn)(1875~1939) ๋“ฑ ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1909๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฏธ ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(ๅ…จ็พŽ้ป‘ไบบๅœฐไฝๅ‘ไธŠๅ”ๆœƒ, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP)์„ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ โ€˜์ „๋ฏธํ‘์ธ์ง€์œ„ํ–ฅ์ƒํ˜‘ํšŒโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ช…์นญ์€ ํ‘์ธ(้ป‘ไบบ)์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ(Colored People)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฏธ ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Martin Luther King, Jr.) ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Martin Luther King, Jr.)์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(I have a Dream)(1963) : ๋“€ ๋ณด์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ „๋ฏธ ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(ๅ…จ็พŽ้ป‘ไบบๅœฐไฝๅ‘ไธŠๅ”ๆœƒ, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP)(1909)์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ํ‘์ธํ•ด๋ฐฉ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Martin Luther King, Jr.) ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ์ถœํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋“€ ๋ณด์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค - ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Martin Luther King, Jr.) ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(I have a Dream)๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€(Lincoln Memorial)์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋‹ค(1963) : ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜, ์ž ์‹œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์œ ํ•™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘์ธ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„์ „๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋‡Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด 1961๋…„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ 1963๋…„ 93์„ธ๋ž€ ๊ณ ๋ น์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „(Encyclopedia Africana) ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ด„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1963๋…„ 95์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์˜๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตญ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ(Osu Castle) ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์•„ํฌ๋ผ(Accra)์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด W.E.B ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค ํŒŒ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋… ์„ผํ„ฐ โ€“ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜(W.E.B Du Bois Memorial Centre for Panafrican Culture โ€“ Ghana)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์šฐ์ •์ฒญ(USPS) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํ—ค๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(Black Heritage Stamp Series) ๊ธฐ๋…์šฐํ‘œ(1992, 1998) : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์šฐ์ •์ฒญ(USPS)์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํ—ค๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(Black Heritage Stamp Series)์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 1992๋…„๊ณผ 1998๋…„ ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ๋…์šฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํ—ค๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(Black Heritage Stamp Series)๋Š” 1940๋…„ ๋ถ€์ปค T. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด(Booker T. Washington)(1856~1915)๋ฅผ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋กœ 2020๋…„์—๋„ ๊ทธ์›ฌ ์•„์ดํ•„(Gwen Ifill)(1955~2016), ๋„ฌ๋ผ ๋ผ์Šจ(Nella Larsen)(1891~1964), ์•Œ๋žญ ๋ฅด๋กœ์ด ๋กœํฌ(Alain LeRoy Locke)(1885~1954), ์•„๋ฅดํˆฌ๋กœ ์•Œํฐ์†Œ ์ˆŒ๋ฒ„๊ทธ(Arturo Alfonso Schomburg)(1874~1938), ์•ค ์ŠคํŽœ์„œ(Anne Spencer)(1882~1975) ๋“ฑ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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โ–ถ 100๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ(100 Greatest African Americans) ์„ ์ •(2002) : ํ…œํ”Œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Temple University) ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋ชฐ๋ ˆํ”ผ ์ผ€ํ…Œ ์•„์‚ฐํ…Œ(Molefi Kete Asante)๋Š” 2002๋…„ ์ถœํŒํ•œ โ€˜100๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธโ€™(100 Greatest African Americans)(2002)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—…์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ 100๋ช…์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ฅผ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 100๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ(100 Greatest African Americans)(2002)์€ 100๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์—†์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ–‰ํฌ ์•„๋ก (Hank Aaron)์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ง์ฝค X(Malcolm X)๊ฐ€ 100๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“€๋ณด์ด์Šค(W. E. B. Du Bois)๋Š” 32๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย 

โ–ถ โ€œThe history of the American Negro is the history of this strife, -- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost... He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American...โ€ โ–ท "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์ž๊ธฐ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž๋‹ค์›€์„ ์–ป๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์ž์‹ ์„ ๋” ๋‚ซ๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ค๋œ ์ž์•„๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์—ด๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ž์‹ ์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค... ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‘์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...โ€

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