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In recent years, motivated by Shrkovskii's theorem, researchers have realized that a good deal of information about the dynamics of a map on the interval can be deduced from the combinatorial structure of its periodic orbits. This data can be formulated as a forcing relation between cyclic permutations (representing orbit types of periodic orbits). The present study investigates a number of new features of this relation and its generalization to multicyclic permutations (modelling finite unions of periodic orbits) and combinatorial patterns (modelling finite invariant sets). A central theme is the role of reductions and extensions of permutations. Results include: (i) a combinatorial shadowing theorem and its application to approximating permutations by cycles in the forcing relation; (ii) the distribution of different representatives of a given cycle in one (adjusted) map; (iii) characterization of the forcing-maximal permutations and patterns of fixed degree; and (iv) a calculation of the asymptotic growth rate of the maximum entropy forced by a permutation of given degree.
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智能手机和平板电脑
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