Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many areas, ranking as the eighth highest cause of death worldwide. TB control has been complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Important advances in TB diagnosis have been achieved but the development of new anti-TB drugs has been unsuccessful for almost half a century. New anti-TB drugs are now in clinical evaluation and will soon become available for the treatment of patients. This Monograph focuses on developments in the areas of epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB. It will be a useful reference for clinicians and public health officers in their daily activities.