Andrew Clapham is Director of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, and Professor of Public International Law at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. He was the first Executive Director of the Academy of European Law at the European University Institute in Florence. He then worked as the Representative of Amnesty International at the United Nations in New York from 1991 to 1997, and has since taught human rights at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. He is an academic associate member of Matrix Chambers in London. Previous publications include: Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford University Press, 2006); International Human Rights Lexicon with Susan Marks (Oxford University Press, 2005); and European Union - The Human Rights Challenge Vols I-III (Nomos, 1991, jointly edited).