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1.1 CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES (CTFS)................................................................... 2
1.2 PROPERTIES OF CTFS............................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Time-Shifting Property....................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Frequency-Shifting Property ............................................................................................ 6
1.2.3 Modulation Property......................................................................................................... 6
1.3 CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (CTFT)....................................................... 7
1.4 PROPERTIES OF CTFT............................................................................................................. 13
1.4.1 Linearity............................................................................................................................ 13
1.4.2 Conjugate Symmetry........................................................................................................ 13
1.4.3 Real Translation (Time Shifting) and Complex Translation (Frequency Shifting)..... 14
1.4.4 Real Convolution and Correlation................................................................................... 14
1.4.5 Complex Convolution – Modulation/Windowing.......................................................... 14
1.4.6 Duality............................................................................................................................... 17
1.4.7 Parseval Relation - Power Theorem................................................................................ 18
1.5 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (DTFT)............................................................ 18
1.6 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES - DFS/DFT.................................................................. 19
1.7 SAMPLING THEOREM............................................................................................................. 21
1.7.1 Relationship between CTFS and DFS ........................................................................... 21
1.7.2 Relationship between CTFT and DTFT.......................................................................... 27
1.7.3 Sampling Theorem............................................................................................................ 27
1.8 POWER, ENERGY, AND CORRELATION............................................................................ 29
1.9 LOWPASS EQUIVALENT OF BANDPASS SIGNALS........................................................ 30
Chapter 2: PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 39
2.1 PROBABILITY........................................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1 Definition of Probability................................................................................................. 39
2.1.2 Joint Probability and Conditional Probability............................................................... 40
2.1.3 Probability Distribution/Density Function..................................................................... 41
2.1.4 Joint Probability Density Function................................................................................. 41
2.1.5 Condtional Probability Density Function...................................................................... 41
2.1.6 Independence................................................................................................................... 41
2.1.7 Function of a Random Variable...................................................................................... 42
2.1.8 Expectation, Covariance, and Correlation..................................................................... 43
2.1.9 Conditional Expectation.................................................................................................. 47
2.1.10 Central Limit Theorem - Normal Convergence Theorem............................................. 47
2.1.11 Random Processes............................................................................................................ 49
2.1.12 Stationary Processes and Ergodic Processes.................................................................. 51
2.1.13 Power Spectral Density (PSD)......................................................................................... 53
2.1.14 White Noise and Colored Noise...................................................................................... 53
2.2 LINEAR FILTERING OF A RANDOM PROCESS................................................................ 57
2.3 PSD OF A RANDOM PROCESS.............................................................................................. 58
2.4 FADING EFFECT OF A MULTIPATH CHANNEL............................................................... 58
Chapter 3: ANALOG MODULATION 71
3.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)....................................................................................... 71
3.1.1 DSB (Double Sideband)-AM (Amplitude Modulation)............................................... 71
3.1.2 Conventional AM (Amplitude Modulation)................................................................ 75
3.1.3 SSB (Single Sideband)-AM(Amplitude Modulation)................................................. 78
3.2 ANGLE MODULATION (AGM) - FREQUENCY/PHASE MODULATIONS .................. 82
Chapter 4: ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 87
4.1 QUANTIZATION........................................................................................................................ 87
4.1.1 Uniform Quantization..................................................................................................... 88
4.1.2 Non-uniform Quantization.............................................................................................. 89
4.1.3 Non-uniform Quantization Considering the Absolute Errors .................................... 91
4.2 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)................................................................................................... 95
4.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)........................................................................... 97
4.4 Delta Modulation (DM)............................................................................................................. 100
Chapter 5: BASEBAND TRANSMISSION 107
5.1 RECEIVER (RCVR) and SNR ............................................................................................... 107
5.1.1 Receiver of RC Filter Type.......................................................................................... 109
5.1.2 Receiver of Matched Filter Type................................................................................. 110
5.1.3 Signal Correlator........................................................................................................... 112
5.2 PROBABILITY OF ERROR WITH SIGNALING................................................................ 114
5.2.1 Antipodal (Bipolar) Signaling...................................................................................... 114
5.2.2 On-Off Keying (OOK)/Unipolar Signaling................................................................. 118
5.2.3 Orthogonal Signaling.................................................................................................... 119
5.2.4 Signal Constellation Diagram...................................................................................... 121
5.2.5 Simulation of Binary Communication......................................................................... 123
5.2.6 Multi-Level(amplitude) PAM Signaling..................................................................... 127
5.2.7 Multi-Dimensional Signaling....................................................................................... 129
5.2.8 Bi-Orthogonal Signaling............................................................................................... 133
Chapter 6: BANDLIMITED CHANNEL AND EQUALIZER 139
6.1 BANDLIMITED CHANNEL................................................................................................... 139
6.1.1 Nyquist Bandwidth........................................................................................................ 139
6.1.2 Raised-Cosine Frequency Response............................................................................ 141
6.1.3 Partial Respone Signaling - Duobinary Signaling...................................................... 143
6.2 EQUALIZER............................................................................................................................. 148
6.2.1 Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE)...................................................................................... 148
6.2.2 MMSE Equalizer (MMSEE)........................................................................................ 151
6.2.3 Adaptive Equalizer (ADE)........................................................................................... 154
6.2.4 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)............................................................................ 155
Chapter 7: BANDPASS TRANSMISSION 169
7.1 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)................................................................................... 169
7.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)................................................................................... 178
7.3 PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)............................................................................................... 187
7.4 DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)............................................................. 190
7.5 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM).................................................... 195
7.6 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SIGNALINGS...................................................................... 200
Chapter 8: CARRIER RECOVERY AND SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION 227
8.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 227
8.2 PLL (PHSE-LOCKED LOOP)................................................................................................. 228
8.3 ESTIMATION OF CARRIER PHASE USING PLL............................................................. 233
8.4 CARRIER PHASE RECOVERY............................................................................................. 235
8.4.1 Carrier Phase Recovery Using a Squaring Loop for BPSK Signals.......................... 235
8.4.2 Carrier Phase Recovery Using Costas Loop for PSK Signals.................................... 237
8.4.3 Carrier Phase Recovery for QAM Signals.................................................................. 240
8.5 SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION (TIMING RECOVERY)................................................ 243
8.5.1 Early-Late Gate Timing Recovery for BPSK Signals................................................ 243
8.5.2 NDA-ELD Synchronizer for PSK Signals.................................................................. 246
Chapter 9: INFORMATION AND CODING 257
9.1 MEASURE OF INFORMATION - ENTROPY...................................................................... 257
9.2 SOURCE CODING................................................................................................................... 259
9.2.1 Huffman Coding............................................................................................................ 259
9.2.2 Lempel-Zip-Welch Coding........................................................................................... 262
9.2.3 Source Coding vs. Channel Coding............................................................................. 265
9.3 CHANNEL MODEL AND CHANNEL CAPACITY............................................................ 266
9.4 CHANNEL CODING................................................................................................................ 271
9.4.1 Waveform Coding......................................................................................................... 272
9.4.2 Linear Block Coding..................................................................................................... 273
9.4.3 Cyclic Coding................................................................................................................ 282
9.4.4 Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Decoding.............................................................. 287
9.4.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)................................................................................ 296
9.4.6 Turbo Coding................................................................................................................. 300
9.4.7 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Coding............................................................... 311
9.4.8 Differential Space-Time Block Coding (DSTBC)...................................................... 316
9.5 CODING GAIN ....................................................................................................................... 319
Chapter 10: SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM 339
10.1 PN (Pseudo Noise) Sequence..................................................................................................... 339
10.2 DS-SS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)............................................................................. 347
10.3 FH-SS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)........................................................................ 352
Chapter 11: OFDM SYSTEM 359
11.1 OVERVIEW OF OFDM......................................................................................................... 359
11.2 FREQUENCY BAND AND BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY OF OFDM............................ 363
11.3 CARRIER RECOVERY AND SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION.......................................... 364
11.4 CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND EQUALIZATION.......................................................... 381
11.5 INTERLEAVING AND DEINTERLEAVING..................................................................... 384
11.6 PUNCTURING AND DEPUNCTURING............................................................................ 386
11.7 IEEE STANDARD 802.11A - 1999....................................................................................... 388
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