Mencius and Masculinities: Dynamics of Power, Morality, and Maternal Thinking

Joanne D. Birdwhistell

02/2012 · State University of New York Press

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In this innovative work, Joanne D. Birdwhistell presents the first gender analysis of the Mencius, a central text in the Chinese philosophical tradition. Mencian philosophy, particularly its ideas about the processes by which a man could develop into a cultivated gentleman, was important to the political thought of China's long imperial order. Through close textual readings, Birdwhistell offers a new interpretation of core Mencian ideas about the heart and the self-cultivation of the great man. She argues that the concept of masculinity advocated by the Mencius is derived, although without acknowledgment, from maternal practices and thinking—through processes of appropriation, inversion, and transformation. She illustrates that even though maternal practices and thinking are an invisible dimension of Mencian thought, they are constantly present in the text through their transcoding with agricultural practices and thinking.

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Joanne D. Birdwhistell is Professor Emerita of Philosophy and Asian Civilization at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. She is the author of Li Yong (1627–1705) and Epistemological Dimensions of Confucian Philosophy and Transition to Neo-Confucianism: Shao Yung on Knowledge and Symbols of Reality.