Pamela Pilbeam is Professor Emeritus of French History, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK, and Leverhulme Emeritus Fellow, 2007-2009. She has published extensively on nineteenth-century European history, including Madame Tussaud and the History of Waxworks (2006, 2nd edition), and French Socialists before Marx: Workers, Women and the Social Question in France (2000).