About this ebook
A look into the lives of five indigenous American tribal chiefs who lead their people as European settlers traveled into the region. Two centuries ago, the fierce winds of change were sweeping through the Middle Missouri Valley. French, Spanish and then American traders and settlers had begun pouring in. In the midst of this time of tumult and transition, five chiefs rose up to lead their peoples: Omaha Chief Big Elk, the Pottawatamie/Ottawa/Chippewa Tribe’s Captain Billy Caldwell, Ioway Chief Wangewaha (called Hard Heart), Pawnee Brave Petalesharo and Ponca Chief Standing Bear. Historian Gail Holmes tells the story of their leadership as the land was redefined beneath them.
About the author
Gail Geo. Holmes was born in 1923. A North Dakota farm boy, he was uprooted by World War II. He served in the Philippines, photographing enemy targets for the U.S. Army from a P-38 reconnaissance plane. After the war ended, Holmes was assigned to direct the aerial mapping of South Korea. He and his wife, Marjorie, moved in 1946 to Geneva, Switzerland, and published the weekly English-language newspaper Swiss Reporter. In 1950, he was asked to serve as press officer for the World Plenary of YMCAs at Nyborg Strand, Denmark. Forced back to the United States by his wife's ill health, Holmes served as copy editor of the Minot, North Dakota Daily News. Later, he served as high courts reporter and then assistant provincial editor of the Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Leader Post. With his wife and Swiss-born daughter, Rondee, in tow, Holmes took a job as copy editor at the Omaha, Nebraska World Herald. He was called in 1971 to be president of a Native American Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Gail fell in love with Native American and pioneer history in the Middle Missouri Valley. The Chiefs of Council Bluffs, Five Leaders of the Missouri Valley Tribes is a product of that love.
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