A Google user
The nine key principles Mr. Willingham considers essential in order to be a better student and teacher: p. 163 "People are naturally curious, but they are not naturally good thinkers; factual knowledge precedes skill; memory is the residue of thought; we understand new things in the context of things we already know; proficiency requires practice; cognition is fundamentally different early and late in training; children are more alike than different in terms of learning; intelligence can be changed through sustained hard work; teaching, like any complex cognitive skill, must be practiced to be improved." One would think that the above principles are such commonplace observations that a book like Mr. Willingham's would be unnecessary; however, the aforementioned situation is not the case. In particular, people are often convinced that intelligence cannot be improved. Where Mr. Willingham's book fails is that it does not take into consideration the latest findings in genetics and neurobiology. However, to be fair, Mr. Willingham is writing not for scientists trying to find out how the brain works but teachers with bored students. Nevertheless, as is obvious to anyone, significant differences exist in natural mental ability between people; scientists are slowly figuring out how brains work; cosmetic neurology is just around the corner.