Harriet Beecher Stowe, (born June 14, 1811, Litchfield, Connecticut, U.S.died July 1, 1896, Hartford, Connecticut), American writer and philanthropist, the author of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which contributed so much to popular feeling against slavery that it is cited among the causes of the American Civil War. Stephen Crane, (born Nov. 1, 1871, Newark, N.J., U.S.died June 5, 1900, Badenweiler, Baden, Ger.), one of America's most influential realist writers. Produced works that have been credited with establishing the foundations of modern American naturalism. His Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895) realistically depicts the psychological complexities of battlefield emotion and has become a literary classic. He is also known for authoring Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Frederick Douglass, original name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, (born 1818, Tuckahoe, Maryland, U.S.died February 20, 1895, Washington, D.C.), African American who was one of the most eminent human rights leaders of the 19th century. His oratorical and literary brilliance thrust him into the forefront of the U.S. abolition movement, and he became the first black citizen to hold high rank in the U.S. government.