The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) has spent about $56 billion and will spend about $50 billion more through 2013 to develop a Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS). This testimony is based on two reviews that were conducted in 2008. In addition to a review assessing the annual cost, testing, schedule, and performance progress MDA made in developing BMDS, Francis has also reported on MDA's targets program. This testimony discusses: (1) the productivity of MDA's recent test program; (2) the consequences of the testing shortfalls; and (3) key factors that should be considered as MDA revises its approach to testing. GAO assessed contractor cost, schedule, and performance; tests completed; and the assets fielded during 2008. Illustrations.