Der Moses des Michelangelo

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Der Moses des Michelangelo Sigmund Freud - Ich schicke voraus, daß ich kein Kunstkenner bin, sondern Laie. Ich habe oft bemerkt, daß mich der Inhalt eines Kunstwerkes stärker anzieht als dessen formale und technische Eigenschaften, auf welche doch der Künstler in erster Linie Wert legt. Für viele Mittel und manche Wirkungen der Kunst fehlt mir eigentlich das richtige Verständnis. Ich muß dies sagen, um mir eine nachsichtige Beurteilung meines Versuches zu sichern.Aber Kunstwerke üben eine starke Wirkung auf mich aus, insbesondere Dichtungen und Werke der Plastik, seltener Malereien. Ich bin so veranlaßt worden, bei den entsprechenden Gelegenheiten lange vor ihnen zu verweilen, und wollte sie auf meine Weise erfassen, d. h. mir begreiflich machen, wodurch sie wirken. Wo ich das nicht kann, z. B. in der Musik, bin ich fast genußunfähig. Eine rationalistische oder vielleicht analytische Anlage sträubt sich in mir dagegen, daß ich ergriffen sein und dabei nicht wissen solle, warum ich es bin, und was mich ergreift.Ich bin dabei auf die anscheinend paradoxe Tatsache aufmerksam geworden, daß gerade einige der großartigsten und überwältigendsten Kunstschöpfungen unserem Verständnis dunkel geblieben sind. Man bewundert sie, man fühlt sich von ihnen bezwungen, aber man weiß nicht zu sagen, was sie vorstellen. Ich bin nicht belesen genug um zu wissen, ob dies schon bemerkt worden ist, oder ob nicht ein Ästhetiker gefunden hat, solche Ratlosigkeit unseres begreifenden Verstandes sei sogar eine notwendige Bedingung für die höchsten Wirkungen, die ein Kunstwerk hervorrufen soll. Ich könnte mich nur schwer entschließen, an diese Bedingung zu glauben.

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Dr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influentialand controversialminds of the 20th century.In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.

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