ଏହି ଇବୁକ୍ ବିଷୟରେ
The arrival of the Sengoku Period in the sixteenth century saw the emergence and domination of government by the warrior class. It was Tokugawa Ieyasu who unified the realm. Yet this unity did not give rise to an autocratic state, as the shogun was recognized merely as a main pillar of the warrior class.
Economically, however, from the fourteenth century, currency payments for shōen nengu (taxes paid to the proprietor) became standard, and currency circulation began, primarily in the central region. Under Tokugawa rule, organized domestic coinage of currency began, opening the way to establishing a national economic society. Also, agricultural land was surveyed through cadastral surveys known as kenchi. Land values were converted in terms of rice, so the expected rice yields for each village were assessed, and the lords used this as a benchmark for imposing taxes.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Japan experienced a “great transition,” and conditions for peasants, agriculture, and farming villages underwent great changes. Inefficient traditional agriculture using peasants in a state of servitude was transformed into highly efficient small-sized farming operations which relied on family labor. As production yields increased due to labor-intensive agriculture, the profits obtained by the peasants improved their living standards. The stem-family system became the norm through which work ethics and even literacy were transmitted. This very change was the result of the “industrious revolution” in Japan.
The book thus presents the framework of the facts of pre-industrial Japanese history and depicts pre-modern Japan from a macroscopic point of view, showing how the industrious revolution came about. It is certain to be of great interest to economists and historians alike.
ମୂଲ୍ୟାଙ୍କନ ଓ ସମୀକ୍ଷା
ଲେଖକଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ
Akira Hayami is a member of the Japan Academy and a correspondent member of the Academy of the Moral and Political Sciences, France. He is professor emeritus of Keio University (Tokyo), the International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Kyoto), and Reitaku University (Kashiwa). Hayami is also the former vice president of the International Association of Economic History, honorary president of the International Committee of Historical Demography and former president of the Socio-economic History Society in Japan. He was awarded the Order of Cultural Merit (Japan) in 2009.
Major publications include The Historical Demography of Pre-Modern Japan (University of Tokyo Press, 2001), Population, Family and Society in Pre-Modern Japan (Global Oriental, 2009), and Population and Family in Early-Modern Central Japan (International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 2010). He also co-edited with Ad Van Der Woude the volume Urbanization in History: A Process of Dynamic Interactions (Oxford University Press, 1990) and co-edited with Osamu Saito the book Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
Hayami’s major contributions include the application of historical demography methods to early-modern Japanese data, the finding of fresh facts made possible by the methodological breakthrough, which in turn emancipated early-modern Japanese historiography from a “dark age” imagery, and the coining of the term “Industrious Revolution.”
