Anaemia is the most common blood disorder encountered in outpatient care, iron deficiency anaemia is the most common form of anaemia, and anaemia associated with a chronic disease (secondary anaemia) is the next most common form. The essential questions in the assessment of anaemia are: What is the type of anaemia (according to automated MCV determination)? microcytic (MCV < 80 fl) normocytic (MCV 80–100 fl) macrocytic (MCV > 100 fl) What is the mechanism (decreased production or increased destruction of red cells)? What is the diagnosis: the pathophysiology and underlying cause of the anaemia?