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MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK, FRS (23 April 1858 - 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. He made many contributions to theoretical physics, but is primarily known for his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Munich in 1879 and taught at the University of Berlin from 1891-1928. Along with Einstein, Planck ranks as one of the two founders of modern physics. He was the acknowledged leader of German science in the 1930s, as president of the German scientific Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, which in 1948 was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS) and today includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Planck died in 1947 aged 89.
ALBERT EINSTEIN (14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein’s work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known in popular culture for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his “services to theoretical physics”, in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory. He published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. He died in 1955 aged 76.
