Broodstock management, the control of reproduction and genetic improvement are central parts of an aquaculture business that allow a hatchery to continually improve efficiency and productivity of the entire business. Control of reproduction, has been classified into critical points and management points. The chapter identifies and explains how critical points must be controlled to obtain successful spawning of good quality eggs and how management points can be controlled to maximize production. Genetic improvement gives the potential to shape an organism to meet human needs, improving productivity and product quality. The chapter explains the bases of setting up a genetic improvement program and identifies the associated benefits and risks of this long term investment.